基于状态监测的井喷风险动态安全评价

井喷是钻井作业引发的最严重事故之一.通过分析钻井作业过程各个环节,确定钻井过程的风险因素和指标因素,实时监测钻井作业各参数变化,利用模糊综合层次评价法计算出钻井过程井喷风险概率,实现井喷事故动态风险评价.给出了模糊综合评价法的具体步骤,基于该方法还开发了井喷动态安全评价软件,为钻井过程中钻井液参数和钻井工程参数的优选、调整提供理论依据,同时也为钻井过程的安全生产和管理提供了参考依据.     

危险评价第三维矢量的定性分析

危险评价主要针对危险导致事故发生的可能性与后果严重性进行分析,目的是为拧制危险提供决策依据,但现有的评价矢量并不能完全实现这一目的.可控性的提出完善了评价内容,并在控制对象、控制方案、控制时机等多方面为决策者提供参考,提高了危险评价结果的实用性.     

我国煤矿劳动防护用品使用现状调查分析及对策研究

劳动防护用品是保障从业人员安全与健康的最后一道防线.本文在对全国部分重点产煤省份煤矿劳动防护用品现场调研的基础上,分析了不同类型煤矿劳动防护用品的现状及存在的问题,提出了进一步做好煤矿劳动防护用品管理工作的对策.     

基于模糊层次分析法的应急能力评估方法探讨

对危险行业的安全生产事故应急能力进行安全评估,可以持续改进应急管理工作,提高事故应急能力的总体水平。作为综合性的安全评估方法,层次分析法在安全研究的多个领域中得到了应用。通过介绍安全生产事故应急管理能力及其评估要求,分析国内外应急能力评估的现状,提出了应急能力评估体系建立的总体思路。论述了事故应急能力评估指标集的建立方法和基于模糊层次综合评价法的评估模型构建方案,初步建立起事故应急管理能力评估方法。     

危化品事故应急辅助决策支持系统的研究

该文提出了以一个事故工程文件处置、管理一次事故的思想。根据危险化学品事故发生的一般特点和事故处置的一般程序,建立了危险化学平事故应急辅助决策支持软件平台。该软件平台利用GIS技术实现了事故的基本情况、事故初始处置、事故事态发展、现场监测预警等功能,在软件平台的基础上搭配相应的硬件设备组成一套完整的应急辅助决策系统。     

Denitrification potential enhancement by addition of external carbon sources in a pre-denitrification process

The aim of this study is to investigate the denitrification potential enhancement by addition of external carbon sources and to estimate the denitrification potential for the predenitrification system using nitrate utilization rate （NUR） batch tests. It is shown that the denitrification potential can be substantially increased with the addition of three external carbon sources, i.e. methanol, ethanol, and acetate, and the denitrification rates of ethanol, acetate, and methanol reached up to 9.6, 12, and 3.2 mgN/（g VSS.h）, respectively, while that of starch wastewater was only 0.74 mgN/（g VSS,h）. By comparison, ethanol was found to be the best external carbon source. NUR batch tests with starch wastewater and waste ethanol were carried out. The denitfification potential increased from 5.6 to 16.5 mg NO3-N/L owing to waste ethanol addition. By means of NUR tests, the wastewater characteristics and kinetic parameters can be estimated, which are used to determine the denitrification potential of wastewater, to calculate the denitrification potential of the plant and to predict the nitrate effluent quality, as well as provide information for developing carbon dosage control strategy.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于TDLAS的火灾气体探测系统研制

将TDLAS(Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy)技术应用于极早期火灾气体产物的检测.对于火灾早期特征气体CO和CO2气体探测,选择中心波长为1582nm和1607nm的近红外吸收谱线,设计了一个基于TDLAS的火灾气体探测系统.对于CO和CO2气体,最低检测灵敏度分别达到2.3×10-6和22×10-6体积比浓度.该系统信号响应线性度高,长期运行稳定.     

Hierarchical priority setting for restoration in a watershed in NE Spain, based on assessments of soil erosion and ecosystem services

Maintaining and enhancing ecosystem services through the restoration of degraded ecosystems have become an important biodiversity conservation strategy. Deciding where to restore ecosystems for the attainment of multiple services is a key issue for future planning, management, and human well-being. Most restoration projects usually entail a small number of actions in a local area and do not consider the potential benefits of planning restoration at broad regional scales. We developed a hierarchical priority setting approach to evaluate the performance of restoration measures in a semiarid basin in NE Spain (the Martín River Basin, 2,112 km²). Our analysis utilized a combination of erosion (a key driver of degradation in this Mediterranean region) and six spatially explicit ecosystem services data layers (five of these maps plotted surrogates for soil retention and accumulation, water supply and regulation, and carbon storage, and one plotted a cultural service, ecotourism). Hierarchical maps were generated using a geographic information system that combined areas important for providing a bundle of ecosystem services, as state variables, with erosion maps, as the disturbance or regulatory variable. This was performed for multiple scales, thereby identifying the most adequate scale of analysis and establishing a spatial hierarchy of restoration actions based on the combination of the evaluation of erosion rates and the provision of ecosystem services. Our approach provides managers with a straightforward method for determining the spatial distribution of values for a set of ecosystem services in relation to ecological degradation thresholds and for allocating efforts and resources for restoration projects in complex landscapes.     

基于DEA模型的区域生态环境建设绩效评价——以江苏省苏州市为例

选取生态系统服务价值、生态绿当量、人均生态足迹赤字和环境质量综合指数作为区域生态环境质量表征指标,借助DEA模型对区域生态环境建设过程中劳动力投入、资金投入、技术投入和资源投入的绩效进行评价,结果表明:(1)苏州市10年来生态环境建设总体而言绩效良好,DEA有效年份占30%,弱有效年份占20%,无效年份占50%,并且无效年份的效率指数都在0.97以上;(2)导致苏州市最近5年生态环境建设DEA无效的原因主要是乔资源投入不足,生态用地成为区域生态环境建设刚性约束;(3)通过调整生态环境建设要素投入比例,各种生态环境指标值都将有所提高,区域生态环境质量也将显著改善;(4)地区生态环境建设绩效下降还受地区人口数量增加、人均生态占用增长、生态环境累积效应影响.最后从促进区域社会经济与生态环境协调发展的角度提出相关建议.