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31.
Kushwaha Chandra Shekhar Shukla Sudheesh K. Govender Penny P. Abbas N. S. Shukla Saroj Kr. 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2021,29(11):3744-3755
Journal of Polymers and the Environment - The present research demonstrates the design and development of a dual-compartment water purification proto-plant for microbial degradation of organic... 相似文献
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The Cropland Data Layers (CDL) are high-resolution geo-referenced data products made available by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. However, the CDL lacks in its ability to be employed as a tool to identify the impact of the gradually evolving drivers of land use change, e.g., climate change, due to its limited historical depth. We implement a robust, phenology-based satellite image classification algorithm to identify historical cropland allocation in eastern South Dakota and North Dakota predating the initial CDL by 13 and 22 years, respectively. Five major land covers, i.e., corn, soybeans, wheat, alfalfa and grass (including native grass, hay and pasture) are identified using archived Landsat-5 surface reflectance data, while achieving CDL-like accuracy. The long-term rate of grassland loss during 1985–2011 is found to be significantly lower (26,781 hectares or 1.5% annually) relative to the near-term rate of grassland loss during 2006-’11 (84,545 hectares or 5.2% annually). We find similar discrepancy in regional corn expansion rates. Our value-added raster data provide opportunities for improved identification of land use drivers, whereas relying solely on the CDL’s restricted historical extent may lead to biased land use change estimates and misguide policy. 相似文献
34.
Land treatment is an environmentally attractive alternative for the disposal of petroleum refinery wastes. Diverse populations of soil microorganisms degrade waste oil and other organic compounds through a series of complex reactions to yield carbon dioxide, water, and innocuous byproducts. Approximately one-half of the disposable volume of oily sludges are currently land treated at more than 100 sites across the United States under a variety of soil and climatic conditions. Maximization of biodegration rates requires an optimization of management practices which stimulate aerobic microbial populations in the soil. These management practices include addition of fertilizer, judicious waste application, and frequent cultivation. Off-site migration of oily waste constituents that would endanger groundwater quality has not been observed in several field and laboratory studies. The leached residuals are apparently adsorbed, assimilated, or inactivated in the upper soil horizons. A prudent management system, however, requires an individually tailored monitoring system with dual objectives for an early detection of off-site waste constituent transport and for evaluating the performance of waste biodegradation processes. A cost comparison for the disposal of oily wastes by currently available technologies indicates that land treatment is the most economical option. 相似文献
35.
Vats P Singh SN Kumria MM Ranganathan S Arora MP Jain CL Sridharan K 《Journal of environmental biology / Academy of Environmental Biology, India》2001,22(4):277-282
Changes occurring in concentrations of certain trace metals and electrolytes viz. chromium, copper, zinc, sodium, potassium, calcium, magenesium and chloride in plasma of rats exposed to intermittent hypobaric hypoxia were evaluated. Batches of Sprague-Dowley rats (12 in each group) were exposed for 1, 7,14 and 21 days to a simulated altitude 7,620 m for 6 h per day and one group of unexposed animals was kept as control. There was a significant rise of 153% in plasma chromium levels of 1 day exposed group in comparison to the unexposed group which tends to normalise on subsequent exposure. There was a gradual increase in plasma copper levels of 9.0, 28.2, 62.6 and 65.6% respectively in 1,7,14 and 21 days exposed rats in comparison to unexposed rats. On the other hand plasma zinc levels were seen to be decreasing during entire exposure. Plasma sodium levels decreased initially in 1 and 7 day exposed rats and increased in later groups whereas plasma potassium levels of exposed groups remained low in comparison to unexposed group. Chloride levels were found to be elevated in 14 and 21 day exposed groups. The plasma calcium and magnesium levels were higher in all exposed groups over unexposed groups. Changes in chromium, copper and zinc observed in the present study during exposure to hypoxic stress may be responsible for the hyperglycemia and anorexia encountered during intial phase of high altitude acclimatisation. 相似文献
36.
Distillery effluent can be converted into biogas and the residue can be utilized as a fertilizer if it is detoxified. Several nitrifying bacteria were screened for detoxification of distillery effluent rich in chloride, nitrogen compounds, free ammonia and monovalent cations. Nitrosococcus oceanus collected from a brackish water lake (Chilka, Orrisa) was noticed to be a potential candidate for detoxification of distillery effluent. The detoxified distillery effluent was used in rice plant culture. The growth and development of rice plants was examined in terms of DCPIP—Hill activity, total carbohydrate, total protein and biomass of rice plants. The detoxified effluent-treated rice plants showed better growth and development as compared with control plant grown in full nutrient solution (Hoagland solution). 相似文献
37.
PROBLEM: Fatigue affects a driver's ability to proceed safely. Driver-related fatigue and/or sleepiness are a significant cause of traffic accidents, which makes this an area of great socioeconomic concern. Monitoring physiological signals while driving provides the possibility of detecting and warning of fatigue. The aim of this paper is to describe an EEG-based fatigue countermeasure algorithm and to report its reliability. METHOD: Changes in all major EEG bands during fatigue were used to develop the algorithm for detecting different levels of fatigue. RESULTS: The software was shown to be capable of detecting fatigue accurately in 10 subjects tested. The percentage of time the subjects were detected to be in a fatigue state was significantly different than the alert phase (P<.01). DISCUSSION: This is the first countermeasure software described that has shown to detect fatigue based on EEG changes in all frequency bands. Field research is required to evaluate the fatigue software in order to produce a robust and reliable fatigue countermeasure system. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: The development of the fatigue countermeasure algorithm forms the basis of a future fatigue countermeasure device. Implementation of electronic devices for fatigue detection is crucial for reducing fatigue-related road accidents and their associated costs. 相似文献
38.
An attempt was made to investigate the relationship between raw coal characteristics and effluent quality in two coking coal washeries of Central Coalfields Limited, Kedla and Rajrappa in Jharkhand State, India. Coal samples-raw coal feed, washed fine clean coal, washed coarse clean coal, middlings and rejects were collected. Similarly, raw water (intake to washery) and effluent samples generated in the washeries, namely, fine coal jig under water, coarse coal jig under water and slurry pond water were also collected over a period of 6 months. Parameters outlined in Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF) Schedule VI Indian standards were determined, both in coal samples and water/washery effluent samples. Apart from the parameters listed in the standard, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphate and chloride found to be present in coal were also determined in coal and water samples. The processing results essentially in production of huge quantities of suspended material, which is beyond the stipulated limit of 100mg/l as specified in the Standard. Lowering of pH was observed in both the washeries. The trace/heavy elements were found to be concentrated in the heavier fractions in rejects produced from the washery. The concentrations of major elements in coal-Na, K, Ca, Mg, and minor elements in coal-Mn; F, SO4 and Cl were found to be higher in process water than in raw water indicating that these elements are transferred from coal to the water in washeries. However, only in the case of Mn, the stipulated limit of the effluent standard was exceeded. Trace elements like As, Se, Hg, Cd, though found to be present in coal, were absent in the process water indicating that these elements are not released by coal during washing. 相似文献
39.
Sumitra Arora Irani Mukherji Aman Kumar R. K. Tanwar 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2014,186(12):8765-8772
The main aim of the present investigations was to compare the pesticide load in integrated pest management (IPM) with non-IPM crops of rice fields. The harvest samples of Basmati rice grain, soil, and irrigation water, from IPM and non-IPM field trials, at villages in northern India, were analyzed using multi-pesticide residue method. The field experiments were conducted for three consecutive years (2008–2011) for the successful validation of the modules, synthesized for Basmati rice, at these locations. Residues of tricyclazole, propiconazole, hexconazole, lambda cyhalothrin, pretilachlor chlorpyrifos, DDVP, carbendazim, and imidacloprid were analyzed from two locations, Dudhli village of Dehradun, Uttrakhand and Saboli and Aterna village of Sonepat, Haryana. The pesticide residues were observed below detectable limit (BDL) (<0.001–0.05 μg/g) in all 24 samples of rice grains and soil under IPM and non-IPM trials. Residues were below detection level (<0.001–0.05 μg/L) in irrigation water samples (2008–09). Residues of tricyclazole and carbendazim, analyzed from same locations, revealed pesticide residues as BDL (<0.001–0.05 μg/g) in all 40 samples of Basmati rice grains and soil. It was also observed as BDL (<0.001–0.05 μg/L) for 12 water samples (2009–2010). The residues of tricyclazole, propioconazole, chlorpyrifos, hexaconazole, pretilachlor, and λ-cyhalothrin were also found as BDL (<0.001–0.05 μg/g) in 40 samples of Basmati rice grains and soil and 12 water samples (<0.001–0.05 μg/L) (2010–2011). 相似文献
40.
Arora S 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2009,151(1-4):311-315
Samples of okra and brinjal fruits, collected from non-integrated pest management (Non-IPM) and IPM fields in village Raispur, Ghaziabad District (U.P.), were analyzed for pesticide residues. The residues of chlorpyrifos in soil were 4.219 and 1.135 microg/g at harvest time in non-IPM and IPM fields of summer okra crop from initial value of 0.407 microg/g before sowing, while in brinjal crop, it was not detected in soils of any trials. During first year of study, the residues of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin in okra fruit were observed to be 5.75 and 0.625 microg/g, respectively, for non-IPM fields; and 0.104 microg/g of chlorpyrifos for IPM trials. The pesticide residues were found to be 0.77, 1.39, 0.4 and 0.32 microg/g for cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, monocrotophos and dimethoate, respectively, for non-IPM okra fruits in second year. For brinjal fruit, residues of cypermethrin and imidacloprid were not detected in IPM trials while it was found to be 0.28 and 0.78 microg/g for cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos respectively, for non-IPM trials. 相似文献