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Kinzig A Starrett D Arrow K Aniyar S Bolin B Dasgupta P Ehrlich P Folke C Hanemann M Heal G Hoel M Jansson A Jansson BO Kautsky N Levin S Lubchenco J Mäler KG Pacala SW Schneider SH Siniscalco D Walker B 《Ambio》2003,32(5):330-335
The scientific and policy worlds have different goals, which can lead to different standards for what constitutes "proof" of a change or phenomena, and different approaches for characterizing and conveying uncertainty and risk. These differences can compromise effective communication among scientists, policymakers, and the public, and constrain the types of socially compelling questions scientists are willing to address. In this paper, we review a set of approaches for dealing with uncertainty, and illustrate some of the errors that arise when science and policy fail to coordinate correctly. We offer a set of recommendations, including restructuring of science curricula and establishment of science-policy forums populated by leaders in both arenas, and specifically constituted to address problems of uncertainty. 相似文献
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Bruno S Frey Friedrich Schneider Werner W Pommerehne 《Journal of Environmental Economics and Management》1985,12(1):62-71
Incentive instruments (effluent charges) are theoretically expected to be preferred to direct regulations (individual emission ceilings) by university-employed, theoretically inclined politically right-wing, professional economists living in a market-oriented country, ceteris paribus. Public sector employed, politically left-wing, professional economists living in a country with a long tradition of government involvement prefer the regulatory approach, ceteris paribus. These theoretical hypotheses tend to be supported by a bivariate probit analysis based on a survey of more than 1400 economists in five countries. 相似文献
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The effects of temperature and salinity acclimation on intermediary metabolism in excised gill homogenates from Hemigrapsus nudus were examined. In general, a decrease in salinity was followed by an increase in the oxidation of the substrates glucose-1-14C, acetate-1-14C and glycine-14C to 14CO2. Also, there was an increase in amino acid incorporation into the protein fraction. Both of these metabolic parameters were differentially temperature-sensitive. An enzymic model which may explain the increase in respiration rate observed in several intertidal invertebrates meeting an hypo-osmotic stress is proposed, using data from these experiments and also from the literature. 相似文献
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