全文获取类型
收费全文 | 4162篇 |
免费 | 29篇 |
国内免费 | 7篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 69篇 |
废物处理 | 155篇 |
环保管理 | 191篇 |
综合类 | 1512篇 |
基础理论 | 870篇 |
环境理论 | 8篇 |
污染及防治 | 1030篇 |
评价与监测 | 191篇 |
社会与环境 | 166篇 |
灾害及防治 | 6篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 30篇 |
2019年 | 40篇 |
2018年 | 79篇 |
2017年 | 83篇 |
2016年 | 98篇 |
2015年 | 91篇 |
2014年 | 106篇 |
2013年 | 192篇 |
2012年 | 98篇 |
2011年 | 178篇 |
2010年 | 122篇 |
2009年 | 126篇 |
2008年 | 207篇 |
2007年 | 170篇 |
2006年 | 146篇 |
2005年 | 123篇 |
2004年 | 109篇 |
2003年 | 105篇 |
2002年 | 132篇 |
2001年 | 81篇 |
2000年 | 75篇 |
1999年 | 50篇 |
1998年 | 40篇 |
1997年 | 38篇 |
1996年 | 44篇 |
1995年 | 48篇 |
1994年 | 47篇 |
1993年 | 29篇 |
1992年 | 44篇 |
1991年 | 37篇 |
1990年 | 37篇 |
1989年 | 32篇 |
1981年 | 30篇 |
1976年 | 32篇 |
1973年 | 29篇 |
1968年 | 29篇 |
1967年 | 34篇 |
1966年 | 30篇 |
1965年 | 47篇 |
1964年 | 37篇 |
1963年 | 36篇 |
1962年 | 31篇 |
1961年 | 45篇 |
1960年 | 39篇 |
1959年 | 41篇 |
1958年 | 47篇 |
1957年 | 40篇 |
1956年 | 40篇 |
1955年 | 37篇 |
1954年 | 40篇 |
排序方式: 共有4198条查询结果,搜索用时 62 毫秒
601.
András Bardossy Arne Färber Steffen Schönau Bernhard Westrich Thomas Jancke Gerhard Schmid Sven Wurms Karl Stahr Thomas Gaiser Harald Frauenknecht Thilo Streck Joachim Ingwersen Claudia Kreschnak Ulrich Kern Hilke Heppelmann Ekkehard Christoffels Ulrich Förstner Patrick Jacobs 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2006,18(1):67-69
602.
603.
In butterflies and other insects, fecundity generally increases with female adult weight. Hence, most butterflies are essentially "capital breeders", because nutrients acquired during the larval stage are stored and subsequently used for egg production during the adult stage. However, in some species, males transfer a large nutritious ejaculate to the female at mating. These females can partly be characterized as "income breeders", and female mass can potentially be decoupled from fecundity to some extent. In the gift-giving green-veined white butterfly Pieris napi, it has been shown that female fecundity and longevity increase with number of matings and also that females mature at smaller size under poor food conditions compared to males. So it has been suggested that females can compensate for their smaller size through nuptial feeding. Here we test this hypothesis in P. napi by assessing female fecundity and longevity in relation to female mass and polyandry. The results showed no support for the hypothesis. Smaller females were not capable of increasing their mating rate to compensate for a low weight at eclosion. Instead, larger females remated sooner. Also, smaller females suffered from both a reduced daily and total fecundity compared to larger females and this decrease in fecundity was independent of female mating status, i.e. females allowed to mate only once and multiply mated females suffered to the same extent from their smaller size. 相似文献
604.
Sedimentation of particulate matter during a phytoplankton spring bloom in relation to the hydrographical regime 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Data presented and discussed here were collected continuously during April/May 1975 in the Bornholm Basin of the Baltic Sea. Sedimentation rates of particulate matter were recorded with 5 multisample sediment traps from different depths in the water column at 2 positions 170 km apart. Current meter data collected during the same period and depths indicated that the positions remained hydrographically distinct during the investigation. Particulate matter from the euphotic zone including diatom cells formed the bulk of the material collected by all traps. This flux of organic particles to the bottom was unimpeded by the strong density stratification present in the water column. The upper traps always collected less material than lower ones. This paradox has been ascribed to diminishing current speeds with depth, concomitant with an increase in sinking rates of phytoplankton and phytodetritus. Both factors influence the sampling efficiency of sediment traps, which are thought to have underestimated actual sedimentation rates here. A time lag of 2 to 3 weeks in bloom development seemed responsible for the characteristic differences between the two positions. The phase of major sedimentation at one position covered about 18 days, and a distinct sequence in the composition of the material collected by the 6 glasses of each trap indicated phases of a progressively deteriorating phytoplankton population in the water column contributing the particulate material. A total of 6.2 g C m-2 in 34 days was recorded at this station. Apart from a trap situated in an oxygen deficient layer which collected 0.44 g C m-2 of zooplankton corpses, zooplankton mortality was overestimated by the traps. Large-scale sedimencation of fresh organic matter produced by the spring bloom is probably a regular feature in areas with low over-wintering zooplankton populations and, as such, possibly has a direct stimulatory effect on growth and reproduction of the benthos.Contribution No. 185 of the Joint Research Programme 95, Kiel University. 相似文献
605.
T. Strömgren 《Marine Biology》1982,72(1):69-72
The shortterm (10–22 d) effect of Zn, Hg, Cu, Cd, Pb, and Ni on the length growth of Mytilus edulis is studied. Significant reductions of growth rate was found at 0.3 g Hgl-1, 3 g Cul-1, 10 g Znl-1, and 10 g Cdl-1 added to the local sea water, while concentrations of up to 200 gl-1 of Pb and Ni had no effect on the growth. With exposure to Cu and Zn, there was a linear reduction in growth rate with increasing metal concentration up to about 6 g Cul-1 and 100 g Znl-1. Above these levels, growth stopped with Cu, while with Zn it was stabilized at about 20% of control growth. When Hg and Cd were added, a curvilinear relationship between growth and metal concentration is indicated. With Hg, growth rate is nearly zero above 3–4 g Hgl-1, while the growth rate was 50% of control after 10 d of exposure to 100 g Cdl-1. At 2 g Cdl-1 there was a significant stimulation of length increase. Observed EC50-values for growth were 0.3–0.4 g Hgl-1, 3–4 g Cul-1, 60 g Znl-1, and 100 g Cdl-1. 相似文献
606.
U. Schöttler 《Marine Biology》1982,71(3):265-269
In Nephtys hombergii Savigny (Annelida: Polychaeta: Errantia), succinate and less pronounced L-alanine are accumulated as endproducts during an initial phase of anaerobiosis. In this phase aspartate is utilized as substrate for anaerobic energy production in addition to glycogen. Prolonged anaerobiosis results in the formation of propionate and acetate which, to a large extent, are excreted into the water. The concentrations of aspartate and succinate were found to remain unchanged down to a PwO
2(oxygen partial pressure in incubation water) of approximately 20 torr, indicating a fully aerobic metabolism. At a PwO
2of 15 torr characteristic changes can be observed: energy production becomes partially anaerobic. At a PwO
2of 7 torr the level of aspartate is largely reduced, but the accumulation of succinate is still significantly less than at anoxia. [In the habitat of N. hombergii, the intertidal mud flats, a PwO
2in the range from 0 torr (Pamatmat, 1968) to 12 torr (Wells and Warren, 1975) was measured.] The activities of some important enzymes involved in anaerobic energy production (among them pyruvate kinase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and lactate dehydrogenase) were measured. Although N. hombergii has a high glycolytic capacity, no lactate dehydrogenase was detected. Instead strombine and alanopine dehydrogenases were present in comparatively high activities. 相似文献
607.
Katrin Palitzsch Sabine Göllner Kristina Lupa Jörg Matschullat Corinna Messal Kirsten Pleßow Mandy Schipek Ivonne Schnabel Christian Weller Frank Zimmermann 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2005,17(4):231-241
The trend of rising ozone concentrations in forest ecosystems and the phytotoxicity of ozone demand a realistic risk assessment according to an internationally accepted and flux-based quality standard. Ozone fluxes within the canopy are influenced by chemical gas-phase reactions with nitrogen oxide and biogenic hydrocarbons and by surface deposition processes. Therefore, a differentiation of the ozone flux within the canopy is needed between stomatal uptake and other transport pathways. The Eddy Covariance technique is the method of choice for the determination of trace gas fluxes relevant for ozone chemistry. This method is also used for stomatal conductance measurements based on evapotranspiration fluxes and for emission measurements of biogenic hydrocarbons by PTR-MS. Although considerably research efforts were directed to canopy measurements in recent years, the underlying processes are not fully understood yet. Thus, major differences occur in the ratios of stomatal ozone uptake, non-stomatal deposition and gas-phase chemistry between different studies. Furthermore, the vertical concentration gradients within the canopy measured at several forest sites are rather inconsistent and the existing deposition models do rarely account for chemical transformation and detoxification processes. Only a simultaneous measurement of all photochemically relevant trace gases, plant physiological parameters at different sites and forest species over entire vegetation periods, and model parameterization according to the measurement results from the experimental sites will contribute to the clarification of the canopy processes and will ensure realistic risk assessments. 相似文献
608.
Kersten Roselt Christoph Scheibert Jürgen W. Einax Jörg Kraft 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2004,16(2):99-104
Goal and Scope
By means of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and other geostatistical methods, the extensive heterogeneous data materials of large area soil contaminations are re-evaluated to eliminate exploitation conflicts and investment obstacles.Methods
The mapping of relevant frame criteria generates the basis to solve the conflicts, such as types of exploitation of field areas, development plans, protected areas, flooded areas, etc. as well as their geo-referencing in the Geographical Information System. The critical examination of data age and quality as well as the geostatistical evaluation by means of semivariogram analysis and Kriging technique are essential prerequisites for the determination of areas related to utility and exceeding test values.Results and Conclusions
As a result, one can modify the hazardous situation and can provide recommendations for an optimal elimination of hazards, mostly in the framework of scheduled measures in terms of town planning.Outlook
On the basis of the results obtained, further exploitation or monitoring work can clearly be optimized. 相似文献609.
Stages in the life cycle of the rhizostome jellyfish Rhizostoma octopus (L.) were reared in the laboratory from planula to young medusa and are described here. Fertilization of eggs was external,
and planulae, 110–150 μm in length, appeared after 2 days. These settled and developed into the scyphistoma stage. Scyphistomae
reached a maximum size of 2.3 mm, bore up to 24 tentacles, and had a large manubrium. Polyps reproduced asexually mainly by
podocysts. Strobilation was induced by temperature change. Each strobila released up to five ephyrae that measured 2.7–5.8 mm
in diameter at liberation. During transformation from newly released ephyra to young medusa, velar lappets appeared and increased
in number, the manubrium developed eight branched oral arms with epaulettes, and a marginal gastric network arose. Only one
cnidocyst type, the “a”-atrichous haploneme, was present in the planula. In addition to these haplonemes, heterotrichous microbasic
euryteles were observed in polyps, ephyrae, and medusae. Statoliths, located in the rhopalia, had a characteristic compact
shape. These sensory structures increased in number and size with the growth of ephyrae and medusae. 相似文献
610.
Mathias Kölliker 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(9):1489-1497
The evolution of parental care and family group formation critically depends on offspring survival benefits and parental fecundity
costs of care under given ecological conditions. Investigations of the functional significance of care in insect species that
exhibit facultative parental care have been relatively rare but may be of particular interest for better understanding of
benefit and cost schedules at an early evolutionary stage. In this study, aspects of benefits and costs of care were addressed
in the sub-social European earwig (Forficula auricularia; Dermaptera: Forficulidae) by manipulating the presence of tending mothers and brood size in a fully crossed experimental
design. Larvae growing in broods tended by their mother or of reduced size showed a higher survival probability than larvae
growing in untended or large broods, as predicted if maternal care is beneficial and shaped by a trade-off between number
and quality of offspring. Analysis of patterns of food consumption and developmental time further suggested that the benefit
of maternal attendance is mediated by the maternal provisioning of food, while the quality–quantity trade-off seemed to be
driven by sibling rivalry. Further, tending mothers delayed the production of a second clutch, indicating a potential cost
of care in terms of lifetime fecundity. This study experimentally shows benefits and potential costs of maternal care and
family group formation in the European earwig. More detailed behavioural experiments will be required to fully understand
how behavioural interactions among family members mediate these reproductive outcomes. 相似文献