基于灰色-模糊理论的简易垃圾填埋场环境安全性评价模型

针对目前简易垃圾场环境安全性评价中,风险因素具有复杂性、灰色性和模糊性的特点,基于德尔菲(Delphi)法、层次分析法(AHP法)和熵权法,建立了较全面的评价指标体系及其指标综合赋权方法,既考虑了专家群体的宝贵经验,又体现了主观评分对系统的客观影响程度。在上述研究的基础上,采用灰色理论和模糊数学的相关理论,建立了环境安全性灰色模糊评价模型,并通过实例验证了该模型的可靠性。     

基于VSD模型的象山湾生态系统脆弱性评价分析体系的构建

本文基于VSD概念模型,建立了象山湾生态系统脆弱性评价体系,经过分析计算得出象山湾生态系统脆弱性总体呈现中度脆弱状态,影响的主要胁迫因子为临港工业发展和海水养殖活动;系统敏感因子是海洋生物多样性指数;最佳适应策略是不断完善环保法律法规和管理机制、加强环境整治和加大第三产业的投入力度。通过研究发现,象山湾生态脆弱性的评价对合理开发自然资源,对经济建设中的环境保护都有重要的意义。本文收集了象山湾的自然及社会经济数据,对其生态系统脆弱性进行了评价与分析,以期为合理利用生态资源,在开发建设中保护环境提供理论参考,同时为生态环境整治修复工作和区域可持续发展提供依据。     

室内空气污染现状及控制研究

由于大量新型建筑材料、建筑装饰材料以及日用化学用品的使用,这些材料在室内会释放出大量有害的成份,室内空气污染问题已经引起了人们的广泛重视.本文在大量文献调研的情况下,得出目前室内污染物的主要成份为室内总挥发性有机物(TVOC)、氡、石棉和微生物.装饰、装修材料仍然为室内空气污染物的主要来源,本文给出了室内空气污染的预防措施防治措施.通过分析可以得出,应该重视对室内环境质量的监测控制和管理.     

城市污水处理厂污泥特性及资源化利用的发展对策

分析了中国部分污水处理厂污泥的特性,借鉴部分城市污泥处置利用的先进手段和经验,提出了中国污泥资源化利用应遵照"实事求是、因地制宜"的原则,政府提供优惠的产业政策,同时以示范工程为依托,污泥利用形成产业化,成为污水处理企业除污水处理费征收、中水回用之外的第三个经济增长点,弥补污水处理费用的不足,解决污水处理从业人员过多的问题,而且还可以充分发挥污水处理厂社会效益和生态环境效益的发展对策.     

Consumption of methane by soils

Measurements of the methane flux and methane concentration profiles in soil air are presented. The flux of methane from the soil is calculated by two methods: a) Direct by placing a static open chamber at the soil surface. b) Indirect, using the ²²²Rn concentrations profile and the ²²²Rn flux in the soil surface in parallel with the methane concentration (²²²Rn calibrated fluxes). The methane flux has been determined in two kinds of soils (sandy and loamy) in the surroundings of Málaga (SPAIN). The directly measured methane fluxes at all investigated sites is higher than methane fluxes derived from Rn calibrated fluxes. Atmospheric methane is consumed by soils, mean direct flux to the atmosphere were - 0.33 g m^–2yr-1. The direct methane flux is the same within the measuring error in sandy and loamy soils. The influence of the soil parameters on the methane flux indicates that microbial decomposition of methane is primarily controlled by the transport of methane.     

A novel function for the pineal organ in the control of swim depth in the Atlantic halibut larva

The pineal organ of vertebrates is a photo-sensitive structure that conveys photoperiod information to the brain. This information influences circadian rhythm and related metabolic processes such as thermoregulation, hatching time, body growth, and the timing of reproduction. This study demonstrates extra-ocular light responses that control swim depth in the larva of the Atlantic halibut, Hyppoglosus hyppoglosus. Young larvae without a functional eye (<29 days) swim upwards after an average delay of 5 s following the onset of a downwelling light stimulus, but sink downwards a few seconds later. Older larvae (₉ days), which possess a functional eye, swim immediately downwards (microsecond delay) following the onset of the light stimulus, but proceed to swim upwards several seconds later. These two response patterns are thus opposite in polarity and have different time kinetics. Because the pineal organ of the Atlantic halibut develops during the embryonic stage, and because it is the only centre in the brain that expresses functional visual pigments (opsins) at early larval stages, it is the only photosensory organ capable of generating the extra-ocular responses observed.     

气象条件变化对呼市地区大气污染的影响

利用1995至2002年呼和浩特市区空气污染物PM10、TSP、NO2、NO2、SO2浓度的实际监测数据与同期的地面要素场资料、大气边界层气象参数和地面天气图分析了污染物浓度与气象条件的关系及气象条件变化对呼市地区污染物浓度变化的影响，讨论了污染物浓度变化规律的成因。在此基础上用逐步回归方法建立了不同季节呼市地区空气污染浓度统计预报模型。     

Relationship between cooling rates,cryoprotectant concentrations and salinities in the cryopreservation of marine microalgae

The viability of the marine microalgae Rhodomonas baltica Karsten, Isochrysis affinis galbana (Strain T-ISO) Parke, Chaetoceros gracilis Schütt, Tetraselmis chuii Butcher, Nannochloropsis gaditana Lubian and Nannochloris atomus Butcher, cryopreservec employing different cooling rates, either with or without the addition of the cryoprotective compounds dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and methanol was studied at two exposure salinities. A viability index, which considered both cell recovery and the growth capacity of microalgae after thawing, was developed. The growth of thawed algae was compared to that obtained for unfrozen algae grown in liquid medium under the same conditions. Viability (V) was calculated according to the equation: V=(C ₀/C _i)x(C ₇/(a·C ₀ ^b ))x100, where C ₀ and C ₇ are, respectively, the initial and final cell densities measured in the cultures after thawing from-196°C, C _i is the maximum initial cell density (complete cell recovery), and a, b are the regression coefficients obtained for C ₇ as a function of C ₀ in the unfrozen controls. R. baltica was the only species that showed an improved viability when salinity was reduced from 36 (average viability 13.7% for 15% DMSO) to 20 (average viability 36.2% for 15% DMSO). The other five species displayed better viability only at the higher salinity at all tested cooling rates and cryoprotectant levels. T. chuii, Nannochloropsis gaditana, and Nannochloris atomus Butcher could be cryopreserved without cryoprotectant. However, their respective viabilities (32.7, 30.8 and 65.8%) at 36 S were progressively improved on addition of 5% DMSO (70.9, 48.2 and 93.5, respectively) and 15% DMSO (91.9, 57.0 and 94.2%, respectively). Similar improvements were found for Nannochloropsis gaditana and Nannochloris atomus when cryopreserved using methanol concentrations of 1% (average viabilities of 46.9 and 91.8, respectively) and 5% (average viablities of 48.7 and 95.3, respectively). Methanol was completely ineffective in cryopreserving the other four species and caused a lethal effect on T. chuii during freezing. C. gracilis could be cryopreserved with 5% DMSO only at 36 S. This resulted in a similar viability (11.7%) to that obtained using 15% DMSO in 20 S (13.7%). Keeping cryoprotectant concentration at 15% DMSO and raising salinity to 36 significantly improved the mean viability of C. gracilis to 21.6%. A low mean viability of 2.1% was obtained for I. galbana when 15% DMSO was used in full-strength seawater (36 S). Within the range of cooling rates tested (0.25 to 16 C° min^-1), cryopreserved microalgae showed higher viabilities at faster rates in the absence of cryoprotectants at both salinities. Generally, the dependence on cooling rate decreased proportionally to the concentration of DMSO or methanol, as demonstrated by the lack of significance for the slope of the regressions. Only C. gracilis appeared to depend on faster cooling rates in the presence of 15% DMSO.     

Life history of the red mullet Mullus surmuletus from the bottom-trawl fishery off the Island of Majorca (north-west Mediterranean)

The red mullet Mullus surmuletus is one of the main target species of the trawling fishery along the continental shelf off the Island of Majorca. The size distribution of the catches, and the reproduction, age and growth of this species have been studied based on sampling carried out from 1990 to 1992. The length range of the catches was between 10 and 32 cm, with a main distribution between 15 and 20 cm, but this included small specimens (recruits of 10 to 11 cm) from August. In the >19 cm length-class, females clearly dominated. Monthly variations in the gonadosomatic index (GSI) and in the percentage of mature specimens showed that males spawn from December to June, whereas the reproductive activity of the females centres around spring. Fifty percent of males and females mature at 15 and 16.8 cm, respectively, corresponding to 1 yr of age. Otolith age-readings indicate that the population exploited in the trawl fishery consists of six age-groups, including a very high proportion of individuals between 0 and 4 yr old. Population growth curves revealed that females grow comparatively slowly over a longer period of time and attain greater asymptotic sizes than males. The growth parameters for the whole population are: asymptotic length, L =31.28 cm; growth coefficient, K=0.211 yr^-1; theoretical age when length is zero, t ₀=-2.348 yr.