The littoral zone in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China: challenges and opportunities

For flood control purpose, the water level of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) varies significantly. The annual reservoir surface elevation amplitude is about 30 m behind the dam. Filling of the reservoir has created about 349 km² of newly flooded riparian zone. The average flooding period lasts for more than 6 months, from mid-October to late April. The dam and its associated reservoir provide flood control, power generation, and navigation, but there are also many environmental challenges. The littoral zone is the important part of the TGR, once its eco-health and stability are damaged,which will directly endanger the ecological safety of the whole reservoir area and even the Yangtze River Basin. So, understanding the great ecological opportunities which are hidden in littoral zone of TGR (LZTGR) and putting forward approaches to solve the environmental problems are very important. LZTGR involves a wide field of problems, such as the landslides, potential water pollution, soil erosion, biodiversity loss, land cover changes, and other issues. The Three Gorges dam (TGD) is a major trigger of environmental change in the Yangtze River. The landslides, water quality, soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, dam operation, and challenge for land use are closely interrelated across spatial and temporal scales. Therefore, the ecological and environmental impacts caused by TGD are necessarily complex and uncertain. LZTGR is not only a great environmental challenge but also an ecological opportunity for us. In fact, LZTGR is an important structural unit of TGR ecosystem and has special ecosystem services function. Vegetation growing in LZTGR is therefore a valuable resource due to accumulation of carbon and nutrients. Everyone thinks that the ecological approach to the problem is needed. If properly designed, dike–pond systems, littoral woods systems, and re-created waterfowl habitats will have the capacity to capture nutrients from uplands and obstruct soil erosion. Ecological engineering approaches can therefore reduce environmental impacts of LZTGR and optimize ecological services. In view of the current situation and existing ecological problems of LZTGR, according to function demands such as environmental purification, biodiversity conservation, and vegetation carbon sink enhancement, we should explore the eco-friendly utilization mode of resources in LZTGR. Ecological engineering approaches might minimize the impacts or optimize the ecological services. Natural regeneration and ecological restoration in LZTGR are valuable for soil erosion decrease, pollutant purification, biodiversity conservation, carbon sink increase, and ecosystem health maintenance in TGR.     

巢湖水质时空分布模式研究

依据2004~2006年12个采样点11个水质指标数据,应用主成分分析(PCA)、聚类分析(CA)、判别分析(DA)和基于G IS平台的克里格插值法,对巢湖水质时空分布模式进行研究。通过统计分析将巢湖11个水质指标概括为4个主成分:第一主成分COD、BOD5和Chl-a;第二主成分电导率、NH4+-N、TN和TP;第三主成分温度和DO;第四主成分pH和SD。在空间尺度上分为2组,分别对应于东西半湖。除了DO指标,空间上西半湖周边区域的水质指标浓度显著高于东半湖;东西半湖TP和COD空间分布相似;在时间尺度上,可分为1月~3月份、12月份一组和4月~11月份一组;TP、COD、DO和SD指标第一时期浓度高于第二时期,温度、电导率和Chl-a指标则相反;溶解氧和温度两者的时间差异性呈现明显的负相关。并对采样点和采样频次进行了适当优化。     

乌梁素海沉积物孔隙水中溶解有机质的荧光及紫外光谱研究

运用紫外可见光吸收光谱与荧光光谱研究乌梁素海沉积物孔隙水中溶解有机质的来源、结构及腐殖化程度。r_(A,C)、HIX、SUVA₂₈₀和SUVA₂₅₄等被用于表征DOM的腐殖化程度和芳香构化程度及结构,f_450/500用于指示DOM的来源。研究结果表明：腐殖化程度最高的点为湖泊东部的W4样点,腐殖化程度最低的为总排干影响区域的W1样点。E_253/203表明湖泊入口处沉积物孔隙水中有机质主要为不可取代的芳香环结构。荧光指数f_450/500为1.57～1.82之间。总体而言,f_450/500的值更接近于1.6,处于2个端源中间,说明乌梁素海DOM中的腐殖质主要来源于陆源输入。相关分析的结果表明, DOM的不同来源对其腐殖化程度产生影响。随着腐殖化值的增大,DOM的来源由生物源向陆源过渡。     

Removal of mercury(II) from aqueous solutions using the leaves of the Rambai tree (Baccaurea motleyana)

This study was undertaken to evaluate the biosorption potential of a natural, low-cost biosorbent, Rambai leaves (Baccaurea motleyana), to remove trace amounts of Hg(II) from aqueous solutions. It was found that the amount of Hg(II) biosorption by Rambai leaves increased with initial metal ion concentration, contact time, and solution pH but decreased as the amount of biosorbent increased. The maximum biosorption capacity was 121.95 mg/g for an initial concentration range of 5 to 120 ppb. Overall, kinetic studies showed that the Hg(II) biosorption process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics based on pseudo-first-order and intraparticle diffusion models. Isotherm data revealed that the biosorption process followed both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms. The value of separation factor, R(L), from the Langmuir equation and rate of biosorption, n, from the Freundlich model also indicated favorable adsorption.     

电絮凝法去除SAGD工艺高温采出水中的硅

采用电絮凝法,以新疆油田蒸汽辅助重力泄油(SAGD)工艺高温采出水为研究对象,考察了电流、反应时间、反应温度和初始pH等实际生产中较为可控的工艺条件对电絮凝除硅效果的影响.实验结果表明:在1.0 L的反应器中,反应时间不少于4 min,电流不小于0.8 A,即可达到较好的除硅效果,过大的电流无法提高电絮凝除硅能力;反应...     

Application of a three-dimensional eutrophication model for the Beijing Guanting Reservoir, China

The Beijing Guanting Reservoir (BGR) is located northwest of Beijing and has been an important water supply reservoir ever since the construction of a dam near the town of Guanting in 1954. As a result of excessive nutrients and organic carbon loadings from the drainage basin over the last several decades, the BGR suffers from eutrophication as well as other contamination problems and has not been used as a drinking water supply reservoir since 1997. As a management step to restore the reservoir's water quality, a numerical model was developed based on the environmental fluid dynamics code (EFDC) framework. The model simulated three phytoplankton species based on the observed cyanobacteria, green algae, and diatom concentrations in 2004 for the Yongding arm of the reservoir, which is separated from the rest of the reservoir by a sand bar. The model was calibrated with vertical temperature profiles as well as the observed chlorophyll a and nutrients concentrations in the water column. The calibrated model was further applied to investigate management scenarios, which include reduction in external loadings of nutrients with constructed wetlands, biomanipulation, and transferring water from CeTian Reservoir. All three scenarios can reduce the peak chlorophyll a levels in the reservoir. The background nutrients were high, and reducing the external nutrients was effective only after a reduction in background nutrients after phytoplankton growth. The biomanipulation and water transfer scenarios could also delay the occurrence of the peak chlorophyll a. Because the model was developed based on one year of data, the model can only reveal the short-term effects of applying the management scenarios. Future studies will consider the long-term processes, such as diagenesis, when data are available to predict the long-term effects of the scenarios.     

偏钒酸铵对小鼠血清和肝脏转氨酶活力的影响

为了考察偏钒酸铵对小鼠血清和肝脏转氨酶活力的影响,50只小鼠随机分为5组,对照组饮用三重蒸馏水,4个暴露组分别饮用剂量为5、10、15和20 mg·kg-1·d-1的偏钒酸铵,15 d后取血和肝脏样品,测定血清和肝脏中谷丙转氨酶(alanine transaminase,ALT)和谷草转氨酶(aspartate ami...     

玉米根际微生物氮磷转化的功能基因组学分析

化肥减量增效是保障农业生态环境安全的重要基础.微生物是调控土壤氮磷循环的关键驱动力,研究根际微生物氮磷转化功能可以为进一步提高土壤氮磷利用率提供微生物学调控途径.基于3种典型农田土壤（黑土、潮土和红壤）的田间微区试验,利用宏基因组测序技术研究玉米根际微生物在土壤氮磷转化过程中功能基因的差异及调控因子.结果表明,根际微生物功能多样性受土壤类型影响,黑土和潮土的根际微生物功能多样性主要受含水量和养分含量的影响,红壤受全磷（TP）和速效磷（AP）影响.在土壤氮转化方面,编码氮转化过程通路中相关酶的基因丰度以脲酶基因（ureC）和葡萄糖脱氢酶基因（gdh）丰度最高,分别为7.25×10^-5~12.88×10^-5和4.47×10^-5~7.49×10^-5.同化性硝酸盐还原的功能基因在红壤中总丰度要高于黑土和潮土,其它过程相关酶的功能基因总丰度以潮土最高.编码氮代谢过程相关酶的功能基因丰度主要受土壤细菌丰富度、全钾（TK）和TP含量的驱动.在土壤磷转化方面,催化有机磷矿化的碱性磷酸酶基因（phoD）数目为1093个,酸性磷酸酶基因（PHO）数目为42个.phoD丰度高出PHO丰度2个数量级,此外,同种土壤类型下施肥对phoD和PHO丰度没有显著影响.随机森林分析表明phoD和PHO丰度均受土壤水分、有机质（OM）和全氮（TN）显著影响,但AP含量对PHO丰度影响最大.从功能基因组水平研究了玉米根际微生物的氮磷转化特征,为利用微生物功能提高农田生态系统氮磷利用率提供了科学依据.     

中国典型抗生素在环境介质中的污染特征与生态风险评价

通过收集国内各地区水体、沉积物和土壤中抗生素的最新污染数据,试图从全国尺度范围进行分析,以反映我国环境中抗生素的污染状况,并利用风险商值（RQs）评估抗生素的生态风险.结果表明,我国各地水体、沉积物和土壤均受到不同程度的抗生素污染,南方地区水体污染较为严重,而西部地区则较轻.生态风险评价结果表明,我国水体中红霉素、罗红霉素、四环素、金霉素、磺胺甲唑和诺氟沙星是高风险污染物,占比为20.9%,主要分布在山东、湖北、浙江、四川、广东、海南、江苏和江西等地;江河沉积物中,诺氟沙星是高风险污染物,占比为11.1%,主要分布在黄河、海河、辽河和珠江等地;养殖场沉积物中,四环素、土霉素、金霉素和诺氟沙星是高风险污染物,占比高达72.5%;土壤中,四环素和金霉素是高风险污染物,占比为28.6%,主要分布在辽宁、四川、天津和山东等地,以上高风险区域应引起相关部门的重视.研究结果可为我国抗生素的污染防治提供科学依据和数据支撑.