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排序方式: 共有364条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
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Rodriguez RR Basta NT Casteel SW Armstrong FP Ward DC 《Journal of environmental quality》2003,32(3):876-884
Soil ingestion by children is an important pathway in assessing public health risks associated with exposure to arsenic-contaminated soils. Soil chemical methods are available to extract various pools of soil arsenic, but their ability to measure bioavailable arsenic from soil ingestion is unknown. Arsenic extracted by five commonly used soil extractants was compared with bioavailable arsenic measured in vivo by immature swine (Sus scrofa) dosing trials. Fifteen contaminated soils that contained 233 to 17 500 mg kg(-1) arsenic were studied. Soil extractants were selected to dissolve surficially adsorbed and/or readily soluble arsenic (water, 1 M sodium acetate, 0.1 M Na2HPO4/0.1 M NaH2PO4) and arsenic in Fe and Mn oxide minerals (hydroxylamine hydrochloride, ammonium oxalate). The mean percent of total arsenic extracted was: ammonium oxalate (53.6%) > or = hydroxylamine hydrochloride (51.7%) > phosphate (10.5%), acetate (7.16%) > water (0.15%). The strongest relationship between arsenic determined by soil chemical extraction and in vivo bioavailable arsenic was found for hydroxylamine hydrochloride extractant (r = 0.88, significant at the 0.01 probability level). Comparison of the amount of arsenic extracted by soil methods with bioavailable arsenic showed the following trend: ammonium oxalate, hydroxylamine hydrochloride > in vivo > phosphate, acetate > water. The amount of arsenic dissolved in the stomach (potentially bioavailable) is between surficially adsorbed (extracted by phosphate or acetate) and surficially adsorbed + nonsurficial forms in Fe and Mn oxides (extracted by hydroxylamine hydrochloride or ammonium oxalate). Soil extraction methods that dissolve some of the amorphous Fe, such as hydroxylamine hydrochloride, can be designed to provide closer estimates of bioavailable arsenic. 相似文献
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Valme Jurado Angel Fernandez-Cortes Soledad Cuezva Leonila Laiz Juan Carlos Cañaveras Sergio Sanchez-Moral Cesareo Saiz-Jimenez 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2009,96(9):1027-1034
The conservation of rock-art paintings in European caves is a matter of increasing interest. This derives from the bacterial
colonisation of Altamira Cave, Spain and the recent fungal outbreak of Lascaux Cave, France—both included in the UNESCO World
Heritage List. Here, we show direct evidence of a fungal colonisation of rock tablets in a testing system exposed in Altamira
Cave. After 2 months, the tablets, previously sterilised, were heavily colonised by fungi and bacteria. Most fungi isolated
were labelled as entomopathogens, while the bacteria were those regularly identified in the cave. Rock colonisation was probably
promoted by the dissolved organic carbon supplied with the dripping and condensation waters and favoured by the displacement
of aerosols towards the interior of the cave, which contributed to the dissemination of microorganisms. The role of arthropods
in the dispersal of spores may also help in understanding fungal colonisation. This study evidences the fragility of rock-art
caves and demonstrates that microorganisms can easily colonise bare rocks and materials introduced into the cavity. 相似文献
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Emilio Chuvieco Sergio Opazo Walter Sione Hector Del Valle Jesús Anaya Carlos Di Bella Isabel Cruz Lilia Manzo Gerardo López Nicolas Mari Federico González-Alonso Fabiano Morelli Alberto Setzer Ivan Csiszar Jon Ander Kanpandegi Aitor Bastarrika Renata Libonati 《Ecological applications》2008,18(1):64-79
This paper presents results of the AQL2004 project, which has been develope within the GOFC-GOLD Latin American network of remote sensing and forest fires (RedLatif). The project intended to obtain monthly burned-land maps of the entire region, from Mexico to Patagonia, using MODIS (moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer) reflectance data. The project has been organized in three different phases: acquisition and preprocessing of satellite data; discrimination of burned pixels; and validation of results. In the first phase, input data consisting of 32-day composites of MODIS 500-m reflectance data generated by the Global Land Cover Facility (GLCF) of the University of Maryland (College Park, Maryland, U.S.A.) were collected and processed. The discrimination of burned areas was addressed in two steps: searching for "burned core" pixels using postfire spectral indices and multitemporal change detection and mapping of burned scars using contextual techniques. The validation phase was based on visual analysis of Landsat and CBERS (China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite) images. Validation of the burned-land category showed an agreement ranging from 30% to 60%, depending on the ecosystem and vegetation species present. The total burned area for the entire year was estimated to be 153 215 km2. The most affected countries in relation to their territory were Cuba, Colombia, Bolivia, and Venezuela. Burned areas were found in most land covers; herbaceous vegetation (savannas and grasslands) presented the highest proportions of burned area, while perennial forest had the lowest proportions. The importance of croplands in the total burned area should be taken with reserve, since this cover presented the highest commission errors. The importance of generating systematic products of burned land areas for different ecological processes is emphasized. 相似文献
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Analyzing the cost effectiveness of Santiago, Chile's policy of using urban forests to improve air quality 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Escobedo FJ Wagner JE Nowak DJ De la Maza CL Rodriguez M Crane DE 《Journal of environmental management》2008,86(1):148-157
Santiago, Chile has the distinction of having among the worst urban air pollution problems in Latin America. As part of an atmospheric pollution reduction plan, the Santiago Regional Metropolitan government defined an environmental policy goal of using urban forests to remove particulate matter less than 10 microm (PM(10)) in the Gran Santiago area. We used cost effectiveness, or the process of establishing costs and selecting least cost alternatives for obtaining a defined policy goal of PM(10) removal, to analyze this policy goal. For this study, we quantified PM(10) removal by Santiago's urban forests based on socioeconomic strata and using field and real-time pollution and climate data via a dry deposition urban forest effects model. Municipal urban forest management costs were estimated using management cost surveys and Chilean Ministry of Planning and Cooperation documents. Results indicate that managing municipal urban forests (trees, shrubs, and grass whose management is under the jurisdiction of Santiago's 36 municipalities) to remove PM(10) was a cost-effective policy for abating PM(10) based on criteria set by the World Bank. In addition, we compared the cost effectiveness of managing municipal urban forests and street trees to other control policies (e.g. alternative fuels) to abate PM(10) in Santiago and determined that municipal urban forest management efficiency was similar to these other air quality improvement measures. 相似文献
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Amado Jesus Rafael Rodriguez Prada Ariadna Lafourcade Diaz Jesus Garcia Souto Raimundo Nonato Picanço Arranz Júlio Cesar Escalona de Souza Tatiane Pereira 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2020,27(9):9410-9423
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In this study, the essential oil (EO) from leaves of Croton linearis Jacq was extracted and characterized by GC/MS. The EO hydrophilic-lipophilic... 相似文献
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Interpreting drinking water quality in the distribution system using Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Interpreting water quality data routinely generated for control and monitoring purposes in water distribution systems is a complicated task for utility managers. In fact, data for diverse water quality indicators (physico-chemical and microbiological) are generated at different times and at different locations in the distribution system. To simplify and improve the understanding and the interpretation of water quality, methodologies for aggregation and fusion of data must be developed. In this paper, the Dempster-Shafer theory also called theory of evidence is introduced as a potential methodology for interpreting water quality data. The conceptual basis of this methodology and the process for its implementation are presented by two applications. The first application deals with the interpretation of spatial water quality data fusion, while the second application deals with the development of water quality index based on key monitored indicators. Based on the obtained results, the authors discuss the potential contribution of theory of evidence as a decision-making tool for water quality management. 相似文献