浅议21世纪数学教育的功能

在我国全面实施素质教育的新形势下，时代赋予了数学教育新的使命。数学教育，一方面具有逻辑严密性、结论可靠性及应用广泛性等科学功能；另一方面又具有陶冶情操、完善个性、培养学生理性思维和创造意识等文化功能。     

白洋淀水体和沉积物中碱性磷酸酶活性的时空分布及其影响因素

2011—2012年期间,以白洋淀8个国控监测点为采样点,通过对水体和沉积物碱性磷酸酶活性（APA）和理化参数的分析,揭示了白洋淀碱性磷酸酶活性时空分布特征及影响因素.结果表明,白洋淀碱性磷酸酶活性具有明显的时空分布规律,春季碱性磷酸酶活性增大,夏秋季达最高值,冬季最低,富营养化程度高的样点碱性磷酸酶活性较高.相关性分析结果表明,水体碱性磷酸酶活性与氨氮和氮磷比显著负相关（p<0.05）,与温度、总磷、浮游植物密度显著正相关（p<0.01）.推测浮游植物密度可能是影响水体碱性磷酸酶活性的主要因素;沉积物中碱性磷酸酶活性可能主要与微生物相关,与沉积物总磷含量显著正相关（p<0.05）.水体和沉积物中碱性磷酸酶活性与采样点富营养化程度一致,可以作为白洋淀富营养化的评价指标.     

离子液体对废旧印刷线路板中铜、锌、铅的浸出规律

以离子液体1-丁基磺酸-3-甲基咪唑三氟甲烷磺酸盐([BSO_3HMIm]OTf)为浸出剂,初步研究了WPCBs浸铜过程中锌和铅浸出率的影响因素。实验结果表明:铜、锌的浸出率随着WPCBs粒径的减小、H_2O_2溶液加入量的增大而增大,铜的浸出率随浸出温度的升高先增大后减小,锌的浸出率受浸出温度影响不大;铅的浸出率受5种因素影响不大,且总体处于较低水平。在WPCBs粒径为0.100~0.250 mm、离子液体加入量为60.0%(φ)、H_2O_2溶液加入量为7.5%(φ)、固液比为1∶15、浸出温度为50℃的条件下,铜、锌、铅的浸出率分别为99.84%,93.25%,22.46%。     

Modeling the effect of daily ration and feeding frequency on growth of redtail shrimp Penaeus penicillatus (Alock) at controlled temperatures

Obtaining optimal growth of redtail shrimp at an economic production cost is essential. An experiment was conducted to evaluate simultaneous effects of daily ration and feeding frequency on growth of redtail shrimp at controlled temperatures. Two series were operated contemporarily, one at 25°C and the other at 30°C. the three daily rations were 5, 15, and 25% of fresh body weight in association with three levels of daily feeding frequency: one, three, and five times. Each series lasted for 80 days. The growth rate and the combined effects were studied on day 40 and day 80 for each series.Response surface analyses showed that, at 25°C, two quadratic polynomial equations could describe the daily growth rates (G₁ and G₂) during growth periods 1 (day 1-day 40) and 2 (day 41-day 80). The optimal daily ration and feeding frequency in terms of maximum growth rate were found at 25°C to be 22.38% of fresh body weight with three feedings/day for growth period 1 and 22.68% of fresh body weight with three feedings/day for growth period 2.At 30°C, two dynamic models were derived for each growth period that included growth optimums of 21.94% and four feedings/day for the first growth period, and 21.27% and four feedings/day for the subsequent growth period.     

生态社区建设的战略环境评价初探

生态社区建设,既是生态城市建设中的重要一环,也是人类社会可持续发展主题中的重要方面.对生态社区建设规划进行战略环境评价是保证生态社区建设的有效手段.讨论生态社区建设进行战略环境评价的必要性及其理论基础,并且建立了战略环境评价指标体系.这对生态社区建设,落实可持续发展战略具有十分重要的意义.     

脉冲电晕低温等离子体提高一氧化氮氧化效率的实验研究

提高一氧化氮（NO）的氧化效率对于提高生物法处理该类废气的净化效率具有重要意义。实验研究了低温等离子体在脉冲电晕条件下氧化废气中NO的过程，考察了不同峰值电压、氧气含量、气体停留时间和添加有机物等因素对提高NO氧化效率的影响。结果表明：低温等离子法可有效地提高NO的氧化效率，主要产物为NO2；室温条件下，当进气NO浓度590mg／m^3、脉冲频率50Hz时，增大峰值电压、气体停留时间和进气中的氧气含量可提高NO的氧化效率；在最适峰值电压15kV，气体停留时间5s时，NO氧化效率为20％；在进气NO中添加甲苯、乙醇后，NO氧化效率可增加至30％以上，甲苯的效果要好于乙醇。     

甲基异柳磷对大鼠游离肝细胞结构与功能影响及其在肝细胞中的代谢动力学研究

研究结果表明,甲基异柳磷(MeISP)在1.5mmol/L终浓度时对肝细胞有明显毒性,表现为膜通透性增高,细胞内丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、β-葡糖苷酸酶和酸性磷酸酶(AcP)漏出率增高,且ALT和LDH漏出率同MeISP间呈良好的剂量-效应关系;迅速耗损细胞内GSH;同MeISP共同温育30min的肝细胞膜发生明显的囊泡化;几乎完全抑制肝细胞蛋白质合成和糖异生功能.在15μmol/L终浓度下,在肝细胞内代谢迅速,符合代谢动力学一室模型(one—compartment model).     

甲基异柳磷对大鼠游离肝细胞结构与功能影响及其在肝细胞中的代谢动力学研究

研究结果表明,甲基异柳磷(MeISP)在1.5mmol/L终浓度时对肝细胞有明显毒性,表现为膜通透性增高,细胞内丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、β-葡糖苷酸酶和酸性磷酸酶(AcP)漏出率增高,且ALT和LDH漏出率同MeISP间呈良好的剂量-效应关系;迅速耗损细胞内GSH;同MeISP共同温育30min的肝细胞膜发生明显的囊泡化;几乎完全抑制肝细胞蛋白质合成和糖异生功能.在15μmol/L终浓度下,在肝细胞内代谢迅速,符合代谢动力学一室模型(one—compartment model).     

Bioaccumulation,subcellular, and molecular localization and damage to physiology and ultrastructure in Nymphoides peltata (Gmel.) O. Kuntze exposed to yttrium

Bioaccumulation, subcellular distribution, and acute toxicity of yttrium (Y) were evaluated in Nymphoides peltata. The effects of Y concentrations of 1–5 mg L^?1 applied for 4 days were assessed by measuring changes in photosynthetic pigments, nutrient contents, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, and ultrastructure. The accumulation of Y in subcellular fractions decreased in the order of cell wall > organelle > soluble fraction. Much more Y was located in cellulose and pectin than in other biomacromolecules. The content of some mineral elements (Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn, and Mo) increased in N. peltata, but there was an opposite effect for P and K. Meanwhile, ascorbate, and catalase activity decreased significantly for all Y concentrations. In contrast, peroxidase activity was induced, while initial rises in superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione content were followed by subsequent declines. Morphological symptoms of senescence, such as chlorosis and damage to chloroplasts and mitochondria, were observed even at the lowest Y concentration. Pigment content decreased as the Y concentration rose and the calculated EC₅₀ and MPC of Y for N. peltata were 2 and 0.2 mg L^?1 after 4 days of exposure, respectively. The results showed that exogenous Y was highly available in water and that its high concentration in water bodies might produce harmful effects on aquatic organisms. N. peltata is proposed as a biomonitor for the assessment of metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems.     

Effects of two polybrominated diphenyl ethers (BDE-47, BDE-209) on the swimming behavior,population growth and reproduction of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs) are new kinds of persistent organic pollutants(POPs) and their potential threats to the equilibrium and sustainability of marine ecosystems have raised worldwide concerns. Here, two kinds of PBDEs, tetra-BDE(BDE-47)and deca-BDE(BDE-209) were applied, and their toxic effects on the swimming behavior,population growth and reproduction of Brachionus plicatilis were investigated. The results showed that:(1) The actual concentrations of BDE-47 and-209 in the seawater phase measured by GC–MS(Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer) were much lower than their nominal concentrations.(2) In accordance with the 24-hr acute tests, BDE-209 did not show any obvious swimming inhibition to rotifers, but a good correlation did exist between the swimming inhibition rate and BDE-47 concentration suggesting that BDE-47 is more toxic than BDE-209.(3) Both BDE-47 and-209 had a significant influence on the population growth and reproduction parameters of B. plicatilis including the population growth rate, the ratio of ovigerous females/non-ovigerous females(OF/NOF), the ratio of mictic females/amictic females(MF/AF), resting egg production and the mictic rate, which indicate that these parameters in B. plicatilis population were suitable for monitoring and assessing PBDEs. Our results suggest that BDE-47 and-209 are not acute lethal toxicants and may pose a low risk to marine rotifers at environmental concentrations for short-term exposure. They also accumulate differently into rotifers. Further research data are needed to understand the mechanisms responsible for the effects caused by PBDEs and to assess their risks accurately.