金昌市PM2.5及PM10短期暴露对成人血压水平的影响

为探索西北地区颗粒物(PM)短期暴露对人群血压(BP)水平的影响,基于金昌队列研究平台,收集甘肃省金昌市2011~2017年颗粒物污染数据及队列人群血压测量数据,在调整相关混杂因素基础上,采用线性混合效应模型分析PM_2.5和PM₁₀短期暴露对收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、平均动脉压(MAP)、脉压(PP)和Mid-BP (SBP和DBP的均值)的影响.结果显示,随着PM_2.5浓度的增加,人群SBP,MAP,PP和Mid-BP均呈上升趋势,该效应值分别在累积滞后05,03,07和05d最大.随着PM₁₀浓度的增加,5种BP指标也均呈上升趋势,效应最大值均出现在累积滞后07d.PM_2.5和PM₁₀对BP产生的影响分别在吸烟和男性人群中更为显著.此外,沙尘天气和气态污染物(SO₂和NO₂)对PM-BP效应存在一定的修饰作用.因此,在该队列人群中,PM_2.5和PM₁₀短期暴露对人群血压具有一定影响,吸烟者和男性人群可能是颗粒物影响血压效应的易感人群.     

Evidence of temperature-controlled dissolved inorganic nitrogen distribution in a shallow lake

Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) plays an important role in aquatic ecosystems as an available source of nitrogen (N). Despite recent advances in our understanding of the effects of climate change on DIN in coastal waters, shallow high-latitude lakes exposed to large seasonal temperature differences have received limited research attention. Therefore, in the present study, Baiyangdian Lake (BYDL) was selected as the study area, as a typical high latitude shallow lake in North China. Based on water and sediment samples collected in spring, summer and winter seasons, DIN accumulation in sedimentary pore water and DIN diffusion fluxes at the sediment-water interface were quantified under different temperature conditions. Correlation analysis was used to establish the effects of temperature on DIN concentration and diffusion in different media. Results show that the diffusion of DIN at the lake sediment-water interface exhibited a strongly positive relationship with temperature, suggesting that high temperature conditions lead to greater DIN release from sediments. Cold temperatures cause DIN accumulation in sedimentary pore water, providing sufficient substrate for N-related bacteria in the sediment under cold temperature conditions. Temperature controls the vertical distribution of DIN by affecting its migratory diffusion and transformation at the sediment-water interface. These findings are valuable for understanding the impact of climate change on the distribution of N in inland shallow lakes, especially in high latitude shallow lakes subjected to large seasonal temperature differences throughout the year.     

Transformation mechanism and fate of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in a full-scale drinking water treatment

Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) has attracted much attention in drinking water treatment due to its potential to produce nitrogenous disinfection by-products (N-DBPs). This work was designed to explore the transformation and fate of DON and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in drinking water treatment. The changes of DON and formation of N-DBPs were evaluated along the water treatment route (i.e., pre-ozonation and biological-contact oxidation, delivery pipes’ transportation, coagulation-sedimentation, sand filtration, post-ozonation, biological activated carbon, ultrafiltration and disinfection) of drinking water treatment plant (DWTP). The transformation mechanism of DON was comprehensively investigated by molecular weight fractionation, three-dimensional fluorescence, LC-OCD (Liquid Chromatography-Organic Carbon Detection), total free amino acids. A detailed comparison was made between concentrations and variations of DON and DIN affected by seasons in the drinking water treatment. Regardless of seasonal variation in raw water concentration, the DON removal trends between different treatment processes remain constant in the present study. Compared to other treatment processes, pre-ozonation and coagulation-sedimentation exhibited the dominant DON removal in different seasons, i.e., 11.13%-14.45% and 14.98%-22.49%, respectively. Contrary, biological-contact oxidation and biological activated carbon negatively impacted the DON removal, in which DON increased by 1.76%-6.49% in biological activated carbon. This may be due to the release of soluble microbial products (SMPs) from bacterial metabolism, which was further validated by the rise of biopolymers in LC-OCD.     

微塑料污染和蚯蚓活动对黄棕壤温室气体排放的影响

为明确蚯蚓暴露于不同量聚丙烯（PP）微塑料后对土壤CO₂、N₂O排放的影响,采用湖北当阳橘园土壤,进行室内培养试验,设置了5个处理：对照（CK）、接种蚯蚓（E）、接种蚯蚓并添加低量聚丙烯（0.25%干土重m/m,M1+E）、接种蚯蚓并添加中量聚丙烯（2%干土重m/m,M2+E）和接种蚯蚓并添加高量聚丙烯（7%干土重m/m,M3+E）.结果表明：接种蚯蚓可以显著增加土壤CO₂、N₂O的排放,相比未接种蚯蚓（CK）处理,土壤的CO₂、N₂O累积排放量分别增加了4.17、1.79倍,且接种蚯蚓显著提高了土壤p H.而微塑料添加后显著降低了土壤CO₂、N₂O排放,其中,接种蚯蚓并添加高量微塑料对土壤的CO₂、N₂O排放抑制效果最明显,分别降低了16.99%、27.28%.微塑料的添加会显著降低蚯蚓生物量,低、中、高量微塑料处理下蚯蚓生物量损失值较仅接种蚯蚓增加了29%、48%、...     

Performance analysis and life cycle greenhouse gas emission assessment of an integrated gravitational-flow wastewater treatment system for rural areas

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Due to the lack of appropriate wastewater treatment facility in rural areas, the discharging of wastewater without sufficient treatment results in...     

Combustion features under different center of heat release of a diesel engine using dimethyl carbonate/diesel blend

Experiments were performed in a single cylinder common-rail diesel engine that adopts a low temperature premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) mode. Combustion features of dimethyl carbonate (DMC)-diesel blends under various centers of heat release (COHRs) were revealed in details. With retarding of COHR, all the peaks of pressure and pressure rise rate and bulk gas temperature are postponed and declined in sequence. Normally, the crank angle of peak pressure is quite close to the COHR, while the peak of bulk gas temperature appears about 7°CA after COHR as a rule. The prolongation can be demonstrated at every stage of combustion such as q₁₀ and q₉₀ with the COHR being put backward. In addition, the heat release of diesel is completely slower than that of D10 fuel at various stages. Unfortunately, retarding of COHR implies a declining thermal efficiency of engines as well as a higher cyclic variation in general. Nevertheless, D10 blend has higher thermal efficiency than diesel thanks to high oxygen content of DMC and low boiling point that prompts better fuel atomization and complete combustion. Meanwhile, the cyclical variation of D10 is greater than diesel fuel owing to the low heat value, high latent heat of vaporization, and poor flammability of DMC. As a total, a comprehensive understanding of PCCI combustion features under different COHRs can be conducive to conducting effective management of combustion process and manipulating the subsequent emission performance to a favorable level.     

N-甲基咪唑配体络合金属Cu(I)催化剂对水中2,4-二甲氧基溴苯还原脱溴

合成了以N-甲基咪唑为配体,Cu为活性中心的络合金属多相催化剂Cu(I)-NHC-SBA-15。通过1H-NMR、13CNMR、有机元素分析和FTIR对各步合成反应产物结构经行了鉴定;用SEM、N2吸附脱附等方法对催化剂进行了表征;用ICP测定了催化剂Cu含量。对催化剂催化2,4-二甲氧基溴苯还原脱溴活性进行了测试。在反应时间为24 h,通过正交实验和单因素实验,考察了催化剂用量、反应温度、还原剂用量等因素对脱溴率的影响,并确定了最佳反应条件:催化剂用量为0.05 g、水合肼用量为2 m L、反应温度为80℃,脱溴效果较好,脱溴率达到98.5%。对催化剂重复使用进行了初步研究。对催化反应动力学进行了初步研究,结果表明,该多相催化反应是由表面反应速度控制,并符合一级动力学反应。对反应机理进行了初步探讨。     

不同水平外源碳在稻田土壤中转化与分配的微生物响应特征

外源碳会改变土壤有机质的转化以及土壤微生物的活性,不同水平的易利用有机碳在稻田土壤中转化与分配的微生物响应特征尚不明确.为阐释外源碳周转过程中的微生物响应特征,选取葡萄糖为典型易利用外源碳,采用13C稳定同位素标记技术,在室内模拟培养实验,基于土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)设置不同水平葡萄糖碳(0×MBC、0. 5×MBC、1×MBC、3×MBC和5×MBC共5个MBC倍数梯度水平),明确其转化与分配规律;并利用96微孔酶标板荧光分析法,测定参与土壤碳转化过程关键酶纤维二糖水解酶(CBH)和β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-Glu)活性.结果表明,培养2 d时,葡萄糖碳(13C)占可溶性有机碳(13C-DOC)和土壤有机碳(13C-SOC)的比例与其添加量成显著正相关;向13C-MBC的分配在3×MBC处理时达到最大值(18. 96 mg·kg-1),随后降低;13C分配率主要与MBC、Olsen-P和DOC存在显著正相关关系. 60 d时,土壤13C-DOC、13C-MBC和13C-SOC显著下降,分别小于或等于0. 02、2和10 mg·kg-1;与CK相比,添加葡萄糖后CBH酶活性显著提高,其中3×MBC处理提高了22. 6倍,显著高于其它处理(P 0. 05);高量葡萄糖(3×MBC和5×MBC)添加促进了β-Glu酶活性,但促进效果随葡萄糖添加量的增加而减少; NH+4-N、p H、β-Glu和CBH成为13C分配率的主要影响因子.综上,外源碳向土壤有机碳的转化随添加量的增加而增加,改变了土壤酶活性,但微生物对外源碳的利用可能存在一个饱和阈值,饱和阈值之内,有机质的转化速率与添加量成正比;超出饱和阈值,有机质的转化速率反而变慢.因此,适量地添加外源碳有利于提高稻田土壤有机碳,优化作物生长环境质量.     

因子分析法在污染源解析方面的应用

针对长春市存在污染的46个土壤采样点,以Hg、Cd、Pb、As、Cu、Cr、Zn七种重金属元素指标作因子分析,从而为长春市表层土壤重金属污染成因的解释提供一定的理论依据。