基于Weibull分布的测控装备寿命预测方法研究

目的利用寿命预测技术定期对测控装备的状态进行评估,挖掘装备潜在使用价值,降低出现故障的风险,为装备的更新维护提供参考依据。方法分析测控装备的特点,针对性地选用基于数据驱动的寿命预测技术,并重点分析基于Weibull分布的测控装备的寿命预测方法。结果通过数学公式推导,给出了采用最大似然估计法对二参数Weibull分布进行参数估计时的求解方法。结论对测控装备的寿命预测和可靠性评估提供科学的参考依据。     

2015—2016年中国城市臭氧浓度时空变化规律研究

为探究中国大陆城市O₃污染状况时空变化的总体特征,运用时空统计分析和GIS技术对2015—2016年全国开展O₃常规监测的336个城市进行分析,揭示近两年O₃浓度及不同等级污染天数的时空变化格局,并着重对比分析"三区十群"区域内外O₃浓度的变化差异.结果表明：2015—2016年期间,全国336个城市中,有258个城市2016年年均O₃浓度值较2015年升高,形成了新的O₃污染空间格局;京津冀及周边地区、长三角地区、中部的河南、武汉污染较重,东南沿海和西南地区的云南、西藏污染相对较轻;长三角地区和山东城市群是中国O₃核心污染区域,陕西、山西及安徽三省O₃浓度较2015年有大幅升高.O₃的空间分布与NO_x排放量、生成控制型等因素密切相关.已有的研究区域中除华北平原和四川盆地等地区的郊区点位以外,我国大多数地区的O₃生成控制型属于VOCs控制型.研究结果有利于从宏观上直接对比评估国家大气污染重点防控区内外O₃污染特征变化的差异,从而针对性地开展环境污染防控.     

2015—2017年天水市大气污染物变化特征及来源分析

据天水市2015-2017年大气污染物（SO₂、NO₂、CO、O₃、PM_2.5和PM₁₀）的监测数据及气象资料,分析了天水市大气污染物的浓度变化特征,并利用排放源清单和HYSPLIT模型对污染物来源进行了解析.结果表明：①天水市空气质量有所下降,总体优良率达84.9%.SO₂、NO₂、CO均达标,污染物以颗粒物和O₃为主.②一次污染物SO₂、NO₂、CO、PM_2.5和PM₁₀浓度具有相似的季节变化和日变化特征,冬季最高,夏季最低,日变化呈早晚双峰型.二次污染物O₃夏季浓度最高,冬季最低,日变化呈单峰型.③天水市空气质量主要受污染物的本地排放和外来输送的影响,本地民用和工业部门对SO₂、CO、PM_2.5和PM₁₀的贡献最大,交通和工业部门对NO_x的分担率最高,民用部门是CO的最大排放源;西北和东部气流是污染物外来的最主要输送路径.此外,污染物在城市大气中的稀释、扩散和转移也受当地气象因素（气温、降水、风向等）的影响.     

Effect of calcium formate as an additive on desulfurization in power plants

SO_2 in flue gas needs to be eliminated to alleviate air pollution. As the quality of coal decreases and environmental standard requirements become more stringent, the highefficiency desulfurization of flue gas faces more and more challenges. As an economical and environmentally friendly solution, the effect of calcium formate as an additive on desulfurization efficiency in the wet flue gas desulfurization(WFGD) process was studied for the first time. Improvement of the desulfurization efficiency was achieved with limited change in p H after calcium formate was added into the reactor, and it was found to work better than other additives tested. The positive effects were further verified in a power plant, which showed that adding calcium formate could promote the dissolution of calcium carbonate, accelerate the growth of gypsum crystals and improve the efficiency of desulfurization. Thus, calcium formate was proved to be an effective additive and can potentially be used to reduce the amount of limestone slurry required, as well as the energy consumption and operating costs in industrial desulfurization.     

功能分区型人工湿地处理养殖废水厌氧消化液的性能

针对养猪废水厌氧消化液高ρ(NH₄+-N)的特点,构建了上层填充沸石强化硝化、下层填充砖渣强化反硝化的功能分区型人工湿地,考察其启动阶段运行性能、硝化区及反硝化区污染物去除性能. 结果表明,湿地以间歇方式运行(饱和液位无变化),启动后NO₃--N的产生速率为0.014 6 kg/(m3·d),湿地底部出水的ρ(NO₃--N)平均值为14.94 mg/L,明显低于沸石层的21.77 mg/L. COD_Cr主要在湿地上层硝化区被去除,平均去除率为64.82%. 随着湿地启动,下层由于反硝化作用消耗的有机物增至56.67 mg/L. 在进水期的前15 min,COD_Cr、NH₄+-N、TP的去除率最大,NO₃--N溶出量(以ρ计)最高,达42.30 mg/L. 沸石层10、20和30 cm处硝化速率基本稳定,沸石层的E_h均在400 mV以上. 与间歇方式相比,湿地以潮汐流方式(进水期与落干期时间比为1 h∶23 h)运行时,COD_Cr和TN去除率分别由78.45%和41.99%升至82.62%和53.41%. 研究显示,功能分区型人工湿地通过上层硝化、下层反硝化方式可有效去除养殖废水厌氧消化液中的NH₄+-N.      

润滑油对蒙古裸腹溞的急慢性毒性效应

为了解石油烃污染对水生生物生长、繁殖和发育的影响,采用实验生态学方法研究了润滑油对蒙古裸腹溞Moina mongolica的急性毒性和慢性毒性。结果表明:润滑油对蒙古裸腹溞的24 h LC₅₀、48 h LC₅₀、72 h LC₅₀和96 h LC₅₀分别为7.98 mg/L、5.81 mg/L、4.99 mg/L和3.04 mg/L,安全浓度为0.92 mg/L。润滑油浓度18 mg/L时,蒙古裸腹溞的存活时间最短、存活率最低,但在其他试验浓度下没有明显的变化规律,其种群增长参数也没有体现出明显的变化规律,说明润滑油对蒙古裸腹溞毒性相对较弱。     

2013年莱州湾海域营养盐的平面分布及季节变化规律

依据2013年6、8、10、11月对莱州湾4个航次的调查资料,分析了该海域不同季节溶解无机氮(DIN)、活性磷酸盐(PO4-P)平面分布及季节变化特征。结果表明,2013年莱州湾DIN和PO4-P均呈现出较明显的季节差异。其中,夏季受陆源输入显著影响,DIN和PO4-P浓度最高,50%的站位DIN含量超四类海水水质标准;其次为秋季,45%的站位DIN含量超四类海水水质标准,而春季最低,31.25%的站位DIN含量超四类海水水质标准。4个月份PO4-P含量均满足一类海水水质标准。N/P比值总体处于较高水平,表明整个莱州湾海域处于磷限制潜在性富营养(ⅥP)水平。     

中国废荧光灯管理现状分析与政策建议研究

废荧光灯舍有汞,如不分类收集与处理,其所含的汞将分散或集中进入环境,影响人体健康.中国目前仍有大量工业、商业、大型公建与居民产生的废荧光灯未纳入正规管理渠道.本文从中国大陆废荧光灯的产生情况、含汞量水平以及荧光灯中汞对环境与人体的潜在危害等方面分析,评估了中国废荧光灯管理的必要性.结合中国废荧光灯管理的现状,提出了短期与长期管理政策建议.     

Analysis of the origin of peak aerosol optical depth in springtime over the Gulf of Tonkin

By aggregating MODIS(moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer) AOD(aerosol optical depth) and OMI(ozone monitoring instrument) UVAI(ultra violet aerosol index)datasets over 2010–2014, it was found that peak aerosol loading in seasonal variation occurred annually in spring over the Gulf of Tonkin(17–23°N, 105–110°E). The vertical structure of the aerosol extinction coefficient retrieved from the spaceborne lidar CALIOP(cloud-aerosol lidar with orthogonal polarization) showed that the springtime peak AOD could be attributed to an abrupt increase in aerosol loading between altitudes of 2 and 5 km.In contrast, aerosol loading in the low atmosphere(below 1 km) was only half of that in winter. Wind fields in the low and high atmosphere exhibited opposite transportation patterns in spring over the Gulf of Tonkin, implying different sources for each level. By comparing the emission inventory of anthropogenic sources with biomass burning, and analyzing the seasonal variation of the vertical structure of aerosols over the Northern Indo-China Peninsula(NIC), it was concluded that biomass burning emissions contributed to high aerosol loading in spring. The relatively high topography and the high surface temperature in spring made planetary boundary layer height greater than 3 km over NIC. In addition, small-scale cumulus convection frequently occurred, facilitating pollutant rising to over 3 km, which was a height favoring long-range transport. Thus, pollutants emitted from biomass burning over NIC in spring were raised to the high atmosphere, then experienced long-range transport, leading to the increase in aerosol loading at high altitudes over the Gulf of Tonkin during spring.     

Recent progress of arsenic adsorption on TiO2 in the presence of coexisting ions: A review

Arsenic (As)-contaminated wastewater and groundwater pose a pressing environmental issue and worldwide concern. Adsorption of As using TiO₂ materials, in combination with filtration, introduces a promising technology for the treatment of As-contaminated water. This review presents an overview on the recent progress of the application of TiO₂ for removal of As from wastewater and groundwater. The main focus is on the following three pressing issues that limit the field applications of TiO₂ for As removal: coexisting ions, simulation of breakthrough curves, and regeneration and reuse of spent TiO₂ materials. We first examined how the coexisting ions in water, especially high concentrations of cations in industrial wastewater, affect the efficacy of As removal using the TiO₂ materials. We then discussed As breakthrough curves and the effect of compounded ions on the breakthrough curves. We successfully simulated the breakthrough curves by PHREEQC after integrating the CD-MUSIC model. We further discussed challenges facing the regeneration and reuse of TiO₂ media for practical applications. We offer our perspectives on remaining issues and future research needs.