滇池流域土壤活性腐殖质及其主要组分的紫外-可见与三维荧光光学特性

利用紫外-可见光谱和三维荧光光谱技术,结合土壤腐殖质及腐殖质组分(胡敏酸、富里酸)中的有机碳含量,研究了滇池流域土壤活性腐殖质及其组分胡敏酸和富里酸的光谱特征.结果表明,滇池流域土壤活性腐殖质中富里酸含量高于胡敏酸,流域范围内土壤活性腐殖质及其组分含量分布不均匀,活性腐殖质、胡敏酸和富里酸含量的变异系数分别达37.7%、36.4%、40.9%.土壤活性腐殖质及其组分胡敏酸和富里酸的碳含量均表现为菜地荒地草地湿地.光谱特征结果表明,滇池流域土壤活性腐殖质主要由自生源物质和经一定程度降解后的外源物质共同组成.此外,自生源性与光化学及生物活性具有正相关关系.因此,具有弱自生源性的滇池流域土壤活性腐殖质所具有的光化学和生物活性较弱.     

Efficient adsorption of Mn(Ⅱ) by layered double hydroxides intercalated with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid and the mechanistic study

In this study, greatly enhanced Mn(II) adsorption was achieved by as-synthesized diethylenetriaminepentaacetate acid intercalated Mg/Al layered double hydroxides(LDHsDTPA). The adsorption capacity of LDHs-DTPA was 83.5 mg/g, which is much higher than that of LDHs-EDTA(44.4 mg/g), LDHs-Oxalate(21.6 mg/g) and LDHs(28.8 mg/g). The adsorption data of aqueous Mn(II) using LDHs-DTPA could be well described by the pseudosecond order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm model. Thermodynamics study results also showed that the adsorption process of Mn(II) by LDHs-DTPA was exothermic as indicated by the negative ΔH value. Furthermore, based on the structural, morphological and thermostable features, as well as FT-IR and XPS characterizations of LDHs-DTPA and the pristine LDHs, the adsorption mechanism of Mn(II) was proposed. The carboxyl groups of DTPA were proposed to be the main binding sites for Mn(II), and the hydroxyl groups of LDHs also played a minor role in the adsorption process. Among the three common regeneration reagents, 0.1 mol/L Na_2CO_3 was the best for reusing LDHs-DTPA in Mn(II)adsorption. Besides, the Mn(II) adsorption performance could be hindered in the presence of typical inorganic ions, especially cations. Further specific modifications of LDHs-DTPA are suggested to get more selective adsorption of Mn(II) in practical applications.     

Potential of secondary aerosol formation from Chinese gasoline engine exhaust

Light-duty gasoline vehicles have drawn public attention in China due to their significant primary emissions of particulate matter and volatile organic compounds(VOCs). However,little information on secondary aerosol formation from exhaust for Chinese vehicles and fuel conditions is available. In this study, chamber experiments were conducted to quantify the potential of secondary aerosol formation from the exhaust of a port fuel injection gasoline engine. The engine and fuel used are common in the Chinese market, and the fuel satisfies the China V gasoline fuel standard. Substantial secondary aerosol formation was observed during a 4–5 hr simulation, which was estimated to represent more than 10 days of equivalent atmospheric photo-oxidation in Beijing. As a consequence, the extreme case secondary organic aerosol(SOA) production was 426 ± 85 mg/kg-fuel, with high levels of precursors and OH exposure. The low hygroscopicity of the aerosols formed inside the chamber suggests that SOA was the dominant chemical composition. Fourteen percent of SOA measured in the chamber experiments could be explained through the oxidation of speciated single-ring aromatics. Unspeciated precursors, such as intermediate-volatility organic compounds and semi-volatile organic compounds, might be significant for SOA formation from gasoline VOCs. We concluded that reductions of emissions of aerosol precursor gases from vehicles are essential to mediate pollution in China.     

新型饮用水除氟材料Bio-F的除氟特性和比较研究

对3种传统除氟剂活性氧化铝、骨炭和改性沸石与自制的新型生物除氟剂Bio-F的除氟性能及影响因素（材料粒径、pH值、吸附时间、水样含氟浓度、其它离子、再生能力等）进行了比较,并模拟动态实验评估了这4种除氟材料对实际高氟地下水处理的效果.结果表明,Bio-F生物除氟剂对F^-的吸附过程符合Lagergren一级吸附动力学特征（R²=0.958 0）,吸附速率较快,且该过程属于吸热反应; Bio-F吸附F^-符合Langmuir吸附等温模型（R²=0.999 2）,吸附容量高,静态吸附容量可达4.088 3 mg·g^-1,分别约是活性氧化铝和改性沸石的1.8和 5.8倍.4种除氟材料吸附容量与氟浓度正相关,与吸附剂粒径负相关.高浓度的CO^2-₃、HCO^-₃明显抑制Bio-F的除氟（p<0.05）,但高浓度的Ca²⁺、NO^-₃、HPO^2-₄有利于Bio-F的除氟（p<0.001）.Bio-F除氟最佳停留时间3～4 min,远远低于沸石20 min和活性氧化铝11 min.在pH 4.0～9.0范围内Bio-F可保持90％以上吸附F^-的能力.再生性能稳定,10次再生后吸附容量变化不超过15%.Bio-F综合性能优于其它3种传统除氟剂,在我国广大农村地区推广有显著优越性.     

机载电子设备灌封材料在西沙环境下的耐老化性研究

目的考察机载电子设备常用灌封材料在西沙环境下的耐老化性能。方法开展西沙海洋环境下4种灌封材料的棚下暴露实验,暴晒实验时间为3年,分别通过测试表面电阻、体积电阻、介电常数、损耗角正切等手段研究其老化特点。结果 267有机硅、DC160有机硅两类样品外观未出现明显变化,且介电常数、损耗角正切、表面电阻、体积电阻均变化较小,112FR环氧树脂、8836聚氨酯两类样品出现变色、产生针孔起泡等现象,介电常数、损耗角正切、表面电阻和体积电阻均变化幅度较大。结论在机载电子设备选用绝缘灌封材料时,可优先选用267有机硅、DC160有机硅这两类灌封材料,112FR环氧树脂和8836聚氨酯谨慎选用。     

水中羟基氧化铁催化臭氧分解和氧化痕量硝基苯的机理探讨

测定了木质颗粒活性炭(GAC)和负载在GAC上的羟基氧化铁(FeOOH)催化水中臭氧分解的速率常数并探讨了催化臭氧分解的途径.以水中几种氧化物表面羟基密度和表面零电荷pH值(pH_zpc)为表征氧化物表面性质的参数,考察了2个参数对催化臭氧氧化水中硝基苯的影响.GAC和负载在GAC上的FeOOH使水中臭氧一级分解速率常数分别提高了68%和108%,用叔丁醇捕获掉生成的羟基自由基后,前者的分解速率常数降低了9%,后者降低了20%.GAC在催化臭氧分解时主要起到吸附剂和还原剂的作用,FeOOH催化臭氧分解过程中促进了羟基自由基生成.氧化物表面羟基密度和催化臭氧氧化水中硝基苯的效果之间没有直接的关系,由氧化物的pH_zpc决定的表面电荷状态与催化氧化效果有关,表面接近电中性时对催化氧化硝基苯有利.高密度的表面羟基会使表面羟基之间形成较强的氢键,使催化作用减弱.     

喀斯特坡地土壤流失监测结果简报

在贵州普定岩溶地质与生态研究综合试验站陈旗小流域内,采用全坡面大型径流场的方法,对6种不同土地利用条件下喀斯特坡地径流场次降雨地表径流量和土壤流失进行了监测。2007年7月到2008年12月期间的监测结果表明:6个径流场土壤流失量均非常小,年土壤流失量和年悬沙产沙量变化范围分别为0.05~62.25 t/km2和0.03~8.68 t/km2,最大的为中度石漠化的稀疏灌丛径流场。喀斯特坡地土壤流失集中发生在降雨量超过60mm的降雨事件中,不同类型坡地间次降雨土壤流失量差异显著,最主要控制因素为地表径流量,同时也受到降雨特征和植被状况的影响。此外,前期降雨对坡地产流和土壤流失的影响也是客观存在的。前期降雨丰沛的条件下,坡耕地、稀疏灌丛径流场的地表径流量、次降雨土壤流失量相对复合植被、火烧迹地、灌草和幼林径流场均出现明显增长。     

FeCl3改性污泥生物炭对水中吡虫啉的吸附性能研究

以脱水污泥为原料,制备污泥生物炭（SBC）和FeCl₃改性污泥生物炭（Fe-SBC）处理低浓度吡虫啉（IMI）废水（浓度为10 mg·L^-1）,考察SBC和Fe-SBC对IMI的吸附性能及影响因素,并探究其吸附机理.采用SEM、XRD、FTIR、BET及元素分析等探得污泥生物炭FeCl₃改性成功.Fe-SBC对IMI的最大吸附量为4.915 mg·g^-1,是SBC的1.97倍,表现出更好的IMI吸附性能.pH和离子强度的变化对Fe-SBC的吸附性能影响较小,最大波动幅度分别为4.4%和7.8%.两种生物炭对IMI的吸附均符合准二级动力学模型,Freundlich模型可以更好地描述其等温吸附曲线.热力学研究表明,SBC吸附IMI是非自发吸附,而Fe-SBC是自发吸附.Fe-SBC对IMI的吸附机理包括静电作用力、氢键作用力及π-π键相互作用力.多次热解再生后的Fe-SBC对IMI的去除率仍可达93.088%.     

皂角苷和柠檬酸联合去除厌氧消化污泥中重金属的研究

以武汉某污水处理厂未厌氧消化与厌氧消化的污泥(分别为S1和S2)为研究对象,通过振荡淋洗实验,研究了皂角苷(质量分数0.1%~2.0%)和柠檬酸(0~1 mol·L~(-1))联合对2种污泥中Ni、Pb、Zn的去除效果,确定皂角苷和柠檬酸联合淋洗的最佳浓度组合,并采用BCR连续提取法分析淋洗前后3种重金属的形态变化.结果表明,皂角苷和柠檬酸联合对污泥中3种重金属均有较好的去除效果,Ni、Pb、Zn的最高总去除率分别为76.02%、59.93%和15.94%.综合分析,1%的皂角苷与0.4 mol·L~(-1)的柠檬酸联合淋洗的去除效果最好,2种污泥中重金属去除率的大小均为未厌氧消化污泥(S1)厌氧消化污泥(S2).与未厌氧消化污泥相比,厌氧消化污泥Ni的残渣态、Pb的可还原态及Zn的可氧化态含量明显增加,而Ni的可还原态含量减少.联合淋洗后S1、S2中约80%的酸溶态和可还原态的Ni、Zn被去除,Pb的可还原态分别去除67.07%和58.06%;且各重金属残渣态所占比例大幅度增加,其中,Pb的增加最为明显,所占比例超过90%.