Conservation and management applications of the REEF volunteer fish monitoring program

The REEF Fish Survey Project is a volunteer fish monitoring program developed by the Reef Environmental Education Foundation (REEF). REEF volunteers collect fish distribution and abundance data using a standardized visual method during regular diving and snorkeling activities. Survey data are recorded on preprinted data sheets that are returned to REEF and optically digitized. Data are housed in a publicly accessible database on REEF's Web site (http: //www.reef.org). Since the project's inception in 1993, over 40,000 surveys have been conducted in the coastal waters of North America, tropical western Atlantic, Gulf of California and Hawaii. The Fish Survey Project has been incorporated into existing monitoring programs through partnerships with government agencies, scientists, conservation organizations, and private institutions. REEF's partners benefit from the educational value and increased stewardship resulting from volunteer data collection. Applications of the data include an evaluation of fish/habitat interactions in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, the development of a multi-species trend analysis method to identify sites of management concern, assessment of the current distribution of species, status reports on fish assemblages of marine parks, and the evaluation of no-take zones in the Florida Keys. REEF's collaboration with a variety of partners, combined with the Fish Survey Project's standardized census method and database management system, has resulted in a successful citizen science monitoring program.     

垃圾填埋场渗出液中有害成分的研究

研究垃圾填埋场渗出液中的有害成分。渗出液样品用适当的方法处理后 ,用气相色谱 -质谱联用方法和原子发射光谱法进行定性分析。然后用原子吸收分光光度法和反相高效液相色谱法定量测定样品中微量的 Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、Hg、苯酚、对甲苯酚、萘、蒽     

Measurements of fractionated gaseous mercury concentrations over northwestern and central Europe, 1995-99

Although it makes up only a few per cent. of total gaseous mercury (TGM) in the atmosphere, the fraction of oxidised (divalent) mercury plays a major role in the biogeochemical cycle of mercury due to its high affinity for water and surfaces. Quantitative knowledge of this fraction present in mixing ratios in the parts-per-10(15) (ppq) range is currently very scarce. This work is based on approximately 220 data for divalent gaseous mercury (DGM) collected during 1995-99 in ambient air. Over the course of the measurements, the sampling and analytical methods were modified and improved. This is described here in detail and includes transition from wet leaching and reduction procedures to thermo-reductive desorption, the use of annular as well as tubular denuders and adoption of an automated sampling system. The concentration of DGM exhibited a strong seasonal behaviour in contrast to atomic gaseous mercury, with low values in winter and maximum values in summer. The DGM/TGM ratios were frequently found to be below the detection limit (< or = 1%) and in the range 1-5%. A trend of diurnal DGM patterns was observed and implies photolytically induced sources. Scavenging of DGM during rain events was also noticed.     

SPATIAL ANALYSIS AND EUTROPHICATION ASSESSMENT FOR CHLOROPHYLL a IN TAIHU LAKE

Spatial structure analysis and kriging analysis have been identified to be useful tools in illustrating the spatial patterns of variables. Taihu Lake is one of the largest fresh water lakes in China, and has suffered serious eutrophication in recent years due to the rapid economic development and growing environmental pollution in the Taihu Catchment. In this paper, spatial structural analysis, kriging interpolation and eutrophication assessment were carried out for chlorophyll a in the lake. Studies show that spherical model could be applied to fit all experimental variograms. Positive nuggets were observed for three directions except NE–SW direction. The variograms show some anisotropy with anisotropic ratio falling within 1.76. The spatial structural patterns of chlorophyll a in the lake were affected by factors such as distribution of pollution sources, water flow and wind. Two-dimensional ordinary block kriging was applied for interpolation process. An eutrophication assessment map was also made based on a water-quality evaluation standard. Results show that the content of chlorophyll a in Taihu Lake was quite high. The whole lake has suffered serious eutrophication. However, the eutrophic situation varied in space. Higher contents of chlorophyll a appeared mainly in the northern part of the lake.     

Removal of high concentrated ammonia nitrogen from landfill leachate by landfilled waste layer

The landfill of municipal solid waste(MSW) could be regarded as denitrification reactor and involved in ammonia nitrogen biological removal process. In this research, the process was applied to municipal solid waste collected in Shanghai, China, which was characterized by high food waste content. The NH4^ removal efficiency in the system of SBR nitrifying reactor followed by fresh and matured landfilled waste layer in series was studied. In the nitrifying reactor, above 90% of NH4^ in leachate was oxidized to NO2^- and NO3^- . Then high concentrated NO2^- and NO3^- were removed in the way of denitrification process in fresh landfilled waste layer. At the same time, degradation of fresh landfilled waste was accelerated. Up to the day 120, 136.5 gC/(kg dry waste) and 17.9 gN/(kg dry waste) were converted from waste layer. It accounted for 50.15 % and 86.89 % of the total carbon and nitrogen content of preliminary fresh waste, which was 4.42 times and 5.17 times higher than that of reference column respectively. After filtering through matured landfilled waste, BOD5 concentration in leachate dropped to below 100 mg/L, which would not affect following nitrification adversely. Because the matured landfilled waste acted as a well methanogenic reactor, 23% of carbon produced accumulatively from fresh landfilled waste degradation was converted into CH4.     

污泥综合处理技术系统的可行性分析

通过对污泥处理技术现状与污泥组成的分析，认为降低污泥的含水率是改善污泥可处理性的关键。以机械脱水加工热干燥过程可达到充分降低污泥含水率的目的。以此为主干所形成的污泥综合处理系统经能量与经济平衡分析，发现其能量输出大于输入，经济成本合理，有一定的技术经济可行性。     

广州市实施二氧化硫排污权交易研究

在排污权交易的理论基础上,借鉴美国二氧化硫排放权交易的政策和方法,设计了一套广州市实施二氧化硫排污权交易的框架,旨在为广州市控制削减二氧化硫排放提供一种基于市场的环境管理手段.     

颗粒物质金属形态逐级提取技术问题的探讨

本文综述了国内外对颗粒物质中金属形态逐级提取测定技术方面的研究情况，重点阐述了颗粒物质金属形态分离方法，并对各相态的浸取技术和金属总量提取方法进行了讨论．从而为开展颗粒物质的金属化学形态的分析和研究，提出几点认识．     

厌氧-混凝工艺处理造纸厂终端废水试验研究

本文报告了用厌氧 -混凝工艺处理造纸厂终端废水的实验情况 ,在最佳实验条件下 ,废水从CODcr80 6 . 7m g/ L、BOD52 10 . 5 m g/ L、SS2 15 . 7m g/ L、OD4 650 . 35 0降至 CODcr6 1. 5 m g/ L、BOD52 7. 4m g/ L、SS17.3mg/ L、OD4 650 .0 11。实验结果表明对造纸厂终端废水的治理 ,本工艺是很有实用价值的一种方法     

祁连—柴达木盆地北缘地区石炭系泥岩沉积地球化学特征

详细研究了祁连—柴达木盆地北缘地区石炭系泥岩的微量元素和稀土元素地球化学特征。各微量元素在各剖面及不同层位变化相当复杂 ,但仍有一定规律 ,这种变化与其物源供应和沉积成岩环境有关。各样品稀土总量变化较大 ,以甘肃永昌煤山子剖面总量最高 ;各泥岩样品轻稀土富集 ,Eu负异常 ,δEu介于 0 .4 4～0 .90之间。微量、稀土元素组合及比值的变化 ,显示物源区母岩为花岗岩和玄武岩的混合 ,稀土分布模式显示源岩为粘土岩、花岗岩和中性岩的混合 ,两者示物源一致。元素的丰度及其比值 ,反映当时水介质环境大部分为海相 ,亦有部分为陆相 ,与其它相标志所表征的结果是一致的。