金沙江流域水土流失现状与河道泥沙分析

对金沙江流域水土流失、河道泥沙及主要影响因素系统作了分析,认为地质、地貌及气候因子是影响水土流失的主要因素,人为活动加剧水土流失的发生发展。河道泥沙主要来自金沙江下游,特别是下游干流河谷区间,流域的地面侵蚀与河道泥沙的空间关系不密切,影响输沙量的主要因素为年径流量和清水区年径流量,以及滑坡、泥石流等重力侵蚀,尽管水土流失治理对于流域的河道泥沙减沙效应显著,但短期内对流域干支流输沙量影响甚微。今后一段时间内金沙江流域河道泥沙不会有显著的变化     

污水厂污泥低温热化学转化过程机理研究

污水厂污泥低温热化学转化是可望达到能量平衡的污泥处理新技术。借助污泥与其转化产物的元素分析、污泥的热重分析和衍生油的GC/MS分析等手段,对该转化反应过程的元素转移、转化特征温度和反应机理进行了研究。认为过程的主要反应是脂肪族化合物的蒸发、蛋白质肽键断裂和基团转移反应,参与反应的主要成份是脂肪族化合物和蛋白质,其中前者参与反应的温度低于后者,而糖类化合物参与反应的温度最高。     

Application of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of clenbuterol residues in swine urine and feeds

The present study outlines applications of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the analysis of clenbuterol residues. Antisera were raised from rabbits immunized with diazotized clenbuterol-bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugate. The assay was specific to clenbuterol with a half-maximum inhibition concentration (IC₅₀) of 1.8 ng/mL and 2.5 ng/mL in blank swine urine and phosphate buffer solution, respectively. The assay had high cross-reactivity (86%) with mabuterol, but low with other adrenergic agonists and antagonists. The average recovery of clenbuterol, as measured with the ELISA, ranged from 90% to 112% in swine urine samples and from 86% to 95% in feeds, respectively. This new assay was compared with commercial ELISA test kits. An excellent correlation (r ² = 0.98) between the two methods and satisfactory recoveries suggest that the new assay can be suitable for the determination of clenbuterol residues in real samples. The assay was used to analyze clenbuterol residues in 103 swine urine samples and 68 feed samples collected from northern China. Approximately 50% of the urine samples and 25% of the feed samples analyzed were found positive (concentration of clenbuterol ≥ 1 ppb). The results indicate that clenbuterol was misused in some of the areas surveyed.     

Ammonium-dependent regulation of aerobic methane-consuming bacteria in landfill cover soil by leachate irrigation

The impacts of landfill leachate irrigation on methane oxidation activities and methane-consuming bacteria populations were studied by incubation of landfill cover soils with leachate and (NH₄)₂SO₄ solution at different ammonium concentrations. The community structures and abundances of methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) were examined by PCRDGGE and real-time PCR. Compared with the pure (NH₄)₂SO₄ solution, leachate addition was found to have a positive effect on methane oxidation activity. In terms of the irrigation amount, ammonium in leachate was responsible for the actual inhibition of leachate. The extent of inhibitory effect mainly depended on its ammonium concentration. The suppression of the predominant methaneconsuming bacteria, type I MOB, was responsible for the decreased methane oxidation activity by ammonium inhibition. Methaneconsuming bacteria responded diversely in abundance to ammonium. The abundance of type I MOB decreased by fivefold; type II MOB showed stimulation response of fivefold magnification upon the first addition but lessened to be lower than the original level after the second addition; the amount of AOB was stimulated to increase for 20-30 times gradually. Accumulated nitrate from nitrification strengthened the ammonium inhibition on type I and type II MOB, as a result, repetitive irrigation was unfavorable for methane oxidation.     

连云港近岸海域2011~2016年环境变化研究

依据2011年2月~2016年1月在连云港近岸海域进行的19个季节航次海洋环境综合调查结果,分析探讨了该海域主要海水要素的季节变化趋势和相关性,结合历史资料阐述和评价了海域的营养状态水平、环境质量现状及变化趋势,对存在的环境问题进行了分析.结果表明：研究海域水质状况总体良好;水质评价结果显示无机氮（DIN）是海域内最主要的环境污染因子,且DIN含量近年来有逐渐增加的趋势,年均值已经超过二类海水水质标准;此外其他环境污染因子是活性磷酸盐（DIP）、化学需氧量（COD）和油类.调查期间研究海域处于富营养化状态,潜在富营养化分析显示氮磷比值（N/P）有逐渐增加的趋势;绝大多数季节的有机污染状况为轻度污染状态.研究结论对科学、系统的认识和评估连云港近海生态环境现状及预测未来生态环境变化趋势具有重要的参考价值,对连云港近海海洋生态环境的可持续发展具有十分重要的科学意义和实际应用价值     

Efficient removal of naphthalene-2-ol from aqueous solutions by solvent extraction

Naphthalene-2-ol is a typical biologically recalcitrant pollutant in dye wastewater.Solvent extraction of naphthalene-2-ol from aqueous solutions using mixed solvents was investigated.Various extractants and diluents were evaluated,and the effects of volume ratio of extractant to diluent,initial p H,initial concentration of naphthalene-2-ol in aqueous solution,extraction time,temperature,volume ratio of organic phase to aqueous phase(O/A),stirring rate and extraction stages,on extraction efficiency were examined separately.Regeneration and reuse of the spent extractant were also investigated.Results showed that tributyl phosphate(TBP) achieved 98% extraction efficiency for naphthalene-2-ol in a single stage extraction,the highest among the 12 extractants evaluated.Extraction efficiency was optimized when cyclohexane and n-octane were used as diluents.The solvent combination of 20% TBP,20% n-octanol and 60% cyclohexane(V/V) obtained the maximum extraction efficiency for naphthalene-2-ol,99.3%,within 20 min using three cross-current extraction stages under the following extraction conditions:O/A ratio of 1:1,initial p H of 3,25°C and stirring rate of 150 r/min.Recovery of mixed solvents was achieved by using 15%(W/W) Na OH solution at an O:A ratio of 1:1 and a contact time of 15 min.The mixed solvents achieved an extraction capacity for naphthalene-2-ol stably higher than90% during five cycles after regeneration.     

Response of gill ATPase and liver esterase of pseudorasobora parva to a two month exposure to glyphosate and metsulfuron methyl

Responses of gill ATPase and liver esterase of topmouth gudgeon, Pseudorasobora parva under sublethal exposure to glyphosate (WSC 41% as isopropyl amine salt) at 1.0, 5.0 and 25?mg/L and metsulfuron methyl (technical 98.2%) at 0.0095, 0.085 and 0.85?mg/L of water were measured at 8th, 16th, 24th and 65th days of exposure. Two way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by least significant difference (LSD) test and parameter estimates indicated a significant inhibitory effect on gill ATPase activity (max. 57%) by metsulfuron methyl and liver esterase activity by glyphosate (max. 43%) as compared to the control, but the differences in the residual activities among the concentration levels of the herbicides were not significant. The activities changed significantly with the sampling times except gill ATPase activity under metsulfuron methyl exposure. In most of the cases, the maximum inhibitory effect on the enzymes was recorded on the 8th day and over-recovering appeared with time.     

芳香酸稀溶液的络合萃取研究

络合萃取法分离极性有机物稀溶液具有高效性和高选择性。本文利用三辛胺或磷酸三丁酯为络合剂,四氯化碳、三氯甲烷、正辛醇或煤油为稀释剂,实验测定了苯甲酸、邻硝基苯甲酸稀溶液的萃取相平衡分配系数,讨论了影响因素。     

壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚在污水处理过程中的迁移转化行为

用正相色谱－质谱联用法（NPLC－MS）分离分析高聚合度的NPnEO(n＞2）,用气相色谱－质谱联用方法（GC－MS）测定其中的NP,NP1EO和NP2EO浓度,对NPnEO在城市污水处理厂的迁移转化行为进行了研究。在污水处理厂的进水中,检测出NP和NPnEO(n=1-23）,总浓度为174nmol/L,其中NP2EO的浓度最高,为89．6nmol/L;其次分别为NP（42．2nmol/L）和NP1EO（12．2nmol/L）;出水中同样检测出NP和NPnEO(n=1-18),其中NP2EO的浓度最高,为37．2nmol/L;其次分别为NP（6．64nmol/L）和NP1EO（0．135nmol/L)。在城市污水处理过程中,NPnEO从高聚合度降妥成低聚合度,NP和NPnEO的总去降率为71％。另外,NP和NPnEO在污泥及污泥过滤水中的分配表明污泥对NPnEO有明显的吸附作用,并近似符合Dubinin-Astakhov等温吸附。     

AMS方法在大气气溶胶来源研究中的应用

在我国自己建立的加速器质谱计（ＡＭＳ）技术的基础上,利用＾１４Ｃ的特征的生物来源示踪性能,将ＡＭＳ技术运用于我国大气气溶胶来源的研究,我们建立了大气气溶胶采样－－石墨碳制备－ＡＭＳ测定的全部样品处理过程,对北京市中关村地区、东单地区在采暖期和非采暖期的气溶胶样品和湖南南岳、山东青岛的气溶胶及这些地区的地表土进行了ＡＭＳ测定,将多元统计方法与ＡＭＳ方法相结合,从中分析这些样品中微量元素组分和含碳 分