Au/Fe3O4/GO复合SERS基底的制备及对水溶液中低浓度芘的富集-检测

以氧化石墨烯(GO)为载体,利用静电吸附将氨基修饰的Fe_3O_4磁性纳米颗粒负载到GO表面得到GO-Fe_3O_4复合材料,再通过静电作用将Au纳米颗粒与GO-Fe_3O_4复合材料组装,制备了Au/Fe_3O_4/GO复合材料,并考察其表面增强拉曼(SERS)活性.首先以罗丹明B(Rh B)为探针分子,考察Au纳米颗粒的粒径对SERS性能的影响,发现平均粒径为40 nm的Au纳米颗粒具有最好的SERS效果.SERS检测性能随着Au负载量的提高而逐渐变优,Au/GO中Au负载量为20%时最优.以多环芳烃分子芘为探针分子,探究Au/Fe_3O_4/GO复合材料中各组分对SERS性能的影响发现,Au纳米颗粒对拉曼信号的增强起主要作用,GO可以通过化学增强效应及对芘的吸附富集作用有效提高SERS检出限,Fe_3O_4的存在可以使基底快速分离,简化实验步骤,便于基底重复利用.该方法对水溶液中芘的检出限达到10-8mol·L-1,相对于普通拉曼的检出限有了明显的降低,有望被用于环境中痕量多环芳烃的富集-检测.     

巢湖西部河口区沉积物氮磷分布特征与原位扩散通量估算

选取巢湖西部重污染入湖河口区,研究表层沉积物氮磷污染特征,并运用Fick定律估算沉积物-水界面氮磷原位扩散通量.结果表明:南淝河、派河、十五里河河口表层沉积物总氮平均含量达到2208.17 mg·kg~(-1),氮形态以有机氮为主,占比达到90%以上.表层沉积物总磷平均含量为704.59 mg·kg~(-1),其中铁铝结合磷、活性有机磷和钙镁结合磷分别占比27%、28%和18%.河口区水体氨氮浓度从上覆水到孔隙水中总体呈上升趋势,沉积物表层(0~5 cm)孔隙水中氨氮平均浓度为25.42 mg·L~(-1),是上覆水中的7倍.沉积物孔隙水中硝氮与正磷酸盐浓度在垂向上随深度的增加呈先上升后降低的趋势,在沉积物-水界面附近达到浓度最高值.3个河口沉积物孔隙水中氮磷营养盐均向上覆水扩散,其中氨氮扩散通量分别为25.87、74.85与18.08 mg·m~(-2)·d~(-1).硝氮与正磷酸盐扩散通量较低,范围分别在1.38~2.78和0.011~0.024 mg·m~(-2)·d~(-1)之间.总体上看,巢湖西部河流入湖河口区表层沉积物氮污染严重,且存在较高的氮磷营养盐释放风险,应是巢湖富营养化控制过程中重点关注的区域.     

Treatment of coking wastewater by a novel electric assisted micro-electrolysis filter

A newly designed electric assisted micro-electrolysis filter(E-ME) was developed to investigate its degradation efficiency for coking wastewater and correlated characteristics. The performance of the E-ME system was compared with separate electrolysis(SE) and micro-electrolysis(ME) systems. The results showed a prominent synergistic effect on COD removal in E-ME systems. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(GC–MS) analysis confirmed that the applied electric field enhanced the degradation of phenolic compounds.Meanwhile, more biodegradable oxygen-bearing compounds were detected. SEM images of granular activated carbon(GAC) showed that inactivation and blocking were inhibited during the E-ME process. The effects of applied voltage and initial p H in E-ME systems were also studied. The best voltage value was 1 V, but synergistic effects existed even with lower applied voltage. E-ME systems exhibited some p H buffering capacity and attained the best efficiency in neutral media, which means that there is no need to adjust p H prior to or during the treatment process. Therefore, E-ME systems were confirmed as a promising technology for treatment of coking wastewater and other refractory wastewater.     

Prevalent fecal contamination in drinking water resources and potential health risks in Swat, Pakistan

Fecal bacteria contaminate water resources and result in associated waterborne diseases.This study assessed drinking water quality and evaluated their potential health risks in Swat, Pakistan. Ground and surface drinking water were randomly collected from upstream to downstream in the River Swat watershed and analyzed for fecal contamination using fecal indicator bacteria(Escherichia coli) and physiochemical parameters(potential of hydrogen, turbidity, temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solid, color, odor and taste). The physiochemical parameters were within their safe limits except in a few locations, whereas, the fecal contaminations in drinking water resources exceeded the drinking water quality standards of Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency(Pak-EPA),2008 and World Health Organization(WHO), 2011. Multivariate and univariate analyses revealed that downstream urbanization trend, minimum distance between water sources and pit latrines/sewerage systems, raw sewage deep well injection and amplified urban,pastures and agricultural runoffs having human and animal excreta were the possible sources of contamination. The questionnaire survey revealed that majority of the local people using 10–20 years old drinking water supply schemes at the rate of 73% well supply,13% hand pump supply, 11% spring supply and 3% river/streams supply, which spreads high prevalence of water borne diseases including hepatitis, intestinal infections and diarrhea, dysentery, cholera, typhoid fever, jaundice and skin diseases in children followed by older and younger adults.     

常见化学品在不同物料输送泵输送过程中的污染物排放系数研究

通过深入研究常见化学品在不同物料输送泵输送过程中的污染物排放规律,模拟实际生产过程中物料输送的形式,设计并搭建了系数测定试验装置,探索并选择甲苯、二甲苯、甲醇和盐酸在该试验装置中的取样、计量和监测方法。经过长期的现场实测,形成了4种常见化学品在典型的5种类型的泵输送过程中的污染物排放系数。根据试验结果,计算总结得知,在三类釜前泵输送过程中,污染物排放系数从小到大排序为二甲苯、盐酸、甲苯、甲醇;在两类真空泵输送过程中,污染物排放系数从小到大排序为二甲苯、甲苯、盐酸、甲醇。     

三级绿狐尾藻表面流人工湿地对养殖废水处理效应研究

提高人工湿地对养殖废水的处理效果是当前人工湿地需要解决的重要问题。本文以绿狐尾藻（Myriophyllum aquaticum Gaudich）为湿地植物,在野外构建三级表面流人工湿地,以高污染养猪废水为处理对象,分析废水中铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）、总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）和化学需氧量（COD）在人工湿地中的去除效应,并解析它们与水体温度、溶解氧（DO）、pH和氧化还原电位（Eh）等指标的关联性。结果表明,绿狐尾藻人工湿地对NH₄⁺-N、TN、TP和COD平均去除率分别为88.3%、86.4%、76.3%和82.3%,出水平均浓度分别为45、86、14和188 mg/L。人工湿地进水负荷与人工湿地去除负荷呈显著的正相关关系（R² ≥ 0.80,P< 0.01）,去除负荷随进水负荷增加而增加。根据Pearson相关分析,人工湿地对NH₄⁺-N、TN、TP的去除率与水体DO、Eh和温度有显著相关性（P<0.01）,而对COD的去除率仅与温度存在显著的相关关系（P < 0.05）,说明人工湿地对不同污染物的去除机制存在差异。主成分分析发现水体温度是人工湿地对NH₄⁺-N、TN、COD去除的主要影响因素,水体Eh对人工湿地去除TP的关联性最大。这对改善人工湿地对污染物的去除效应至关重要。     

SRT影响MBR污泥体系去除污染物动力学研究

利用Eckenfelder公式得出了MBR系统中不同污泥停留时间底物降解速率和氨氮的去除速率,结果表明在对数增长阶段和减数增长阶段,SRT为17 d时,对有机底物的降解速率和氨氮的去除速率都高于SRT为8、27、37和42 d的污泥系统对两者的去除,说明SRT对MBR污泥系统的活性有较大影响,确定排泥时间应综合考虑污泥活性、污泥产量和膜通量等因素.     

用于含油污水处理的气浮旋流耦合技术研究

建立了气浮旋流耦合装置.测试了气浮旋流耦合装置的分离效果,实验表明,在加气量质量比为0.003～0.020,含油污水浓度为50～300 mg/L条件下,气浮旋流耦合装置可比单纯的旋流分离装置的分离效率提高10%～50%.     

利用遥感技术动态监测大面积农田土壤水分研究

为探讨利用遥感技术动态监测大面积农田土壤水分含量 ,排除农田植被和地形的干扰 ,1 997- 1 998年在甘肃省定西县岔口乡建立了监测样区 ,在地面实测 0～ 50 cm大面积农田土壤水分本底资料和收集 5幅 TM卫片影像资料加工处理基础上 ,利用地理信息系统建立了遥感信息 (NDVI和 RVI)与土壤含水量之间的遥感光谱相关模型 ,做出了观测区土壤水分含量分布图 ,得到了初步的大面积农田土壤水分宏观动态监测结果 ,基本实现了利用遥感技术大面积动态监测土壤含水量 ,有效地指导农业春耕生产和快速掌握土壤墒情状况。研究结果表明 ,在波长 60 0～ 1 0 50 nm光谱段 ,土壤含水率与光谱反射率之间存在显著的负相关关系 (α<0 .0 5) ;利用遥感技术建立的 TM光谱水分监测模型 ,其模型监测 0～ 2 0 cm土层含水量的精度达到 90 %以上 ,实际监测土壤水分精度达到 72 .3% ;在遥感监测2 0～ 50 cm土层土壤含水量中 ,利用遥感模型监测土壤水分精度达到 80 %以上 ,实际遥感监测精度达到 60 %左右 ,并且建立了热惯量与土壤含水量之间的相关模型 ,给出了决定系数 (R2 )分析结论。     

生物技术处理废(污)水的应用现状及整改措施

长庆石油勘探局生物技术处理废（污）水的工艺中存在着如下问题：活性污泥法处理水的水质不稳定;接触氧化法缓冲池较小,氧化塘法处理污水效率低,出水水质达不到要求。为解决上述问题,提出各项整改措施。经过整改后,装置运行率、处理达标率都会有很大提高。