水源区河流非点源污染物入河量计算的水质方程反演方法

以水质一维流方程为基础,建立了水源地区非点源污染物入河量计算的反演模型;计算了浙江省湖州市老虎潭水库水源地区各条支流的非点源污染物入河量;并通过对实测水文水质参数的统计,采用Monte Carlo模拟方法,分析了模型各输入参数的敏感性.由于该模型所有敏感参数都可以实测获得,避免了关键参数取值的人为主观因素的影响,保证了非点源污染过程定量分析的客观性;该模型在计算非点源污染物入河量时不受时间的限制,可以根据研究区域的水文水质监测频率计算任意时段内的非点源污染物入河量.结果表明,该水源区所有溪流中的氮、磷污染物负荷量都与溪流流量呈极显著正相关(r0.90,p0.01),因此,丰水期是非点源污染物入河的集中期;对输入参数的敏感性分析显示,对模型输出结果影响最大的是溪流的流量,其次是段末浓度和背景浓度,综合降解系数和流速的影响较小.     

雨洪管理措施的水环境效应差异——基于Meta的中国案例分析

雨洪管理措施的应用可有效控制雨水径流量及其污染物,系统分析雨洪管理措施对径流及其污染物的影响有助于理解雨洪管理的水环境效应。本文基于Meta方法整理国内已发表的文献案例,通过提取雨洪管理措施的类型、应用尺度、降雨特征及径流量和污染物削减率等信息,综述了雨洪管理措施应用后径流量和污染物的变化。结果表明：（1）不同雨洪管理措施所产生的水环境效应存在差异,样本中屋顶绿化的径流削减能力最强,透水铺装的径流污染物削减效果最佳;（2）雨洪管理措施对水环境的影响具有尺度效应,大尺度区域内雨洪管理措施对径流量削减作用较弱,而小尺度区域内径流污染物削减作用较弱;（3）雨洪管理措施对径流量及其污染物的削减能力随降雨量增加呈下降趋势。结合案例数据,系统分析了雨洪管理措施在径流量及其污染物控制效果上的差异及成因,可为径流调控与污染治理等实践提供理论参考。     

Adsorption of atrazine by natural organic matter and surfactant dispersed carbon nanotubes

The aggregation and dispersion behaviors of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can regulate the environmental spread and fate of CNTs, as well as the organic pollutants adsorbed onto them. In this study, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were surface modified with humic acids from di erent sources and with surfactants of di erent ionic types. The dispersion stability of surface modified CNTs was observed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The e ect of humic acid and surfactant dispersion on the adsorption of atrazine by CNTs was investigated by batch equilibrium experiments. Both humic acid and surfactant could e ectively disperse MWNTs, but not SWNTs, into stable suspensions under the studied conditions. Surface modified CNTs had a greatly reduced capacity for adsorption of atrazine. The inhibitory e ect of peat humic acid was relatively stronger than that of soil humic acid, but the two surfactants had a similar inhibitory e ect on atrazine adsorption by the two CNT types. Increases in surfactant concentration resulted in rapid decreases in the adsorption of atrazine by CNTs when the surfactant concentration was less than 0.5 critical micelle concentration.     

广州市城市森林土壤重金属污染状况及其评价

城市森林土壤能储淤城市环境中的重金属污染元素,影响土壤环境质量.文章对广州市的城市森林区域中土壤重金属的污染状况进行研究,应用单项污染元素指数和综合污染指数对广州市城市森林土壤进行环境质量评价,结果表明:广州市机场高速林带林区土壤中As、Pb、Cd三重金属污染元素超标,广深铁路林带林区土壤中Cd重金属元素超标, 其他各林区严格控制环境重金属污染物未超标;帽峰山森林公园土壤重金属综合污染指数最低,表明森林群落对重金属污染元素的消减作用明显.土壤酶活性可以表征森林土壤中重金属污染状况,森林土壤中As、Cu、Zn含量与过氧化氢酶活性呈显著负相关性;对可能影响城市森林土壤重金属含量因素的10个因子进行主成分分析,建立了城市森林土壤环境质量评价综合模型.     

电化学法检测芴的细胞毒性

以小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞(BALB/c 3T3)和中国仓鼠肺细胞(V79)为模型细胞,利用基于石墨烯量子点/玻碳电极(RGOQDs/GCE)的细胞电化学法研究多环芳烃(PAHs)类化合物芴的细胞毒性,并与四唑盐比色试验(MTT)对比,验证电化学法的可靠性.时间-效应研究结果表明,培养时间为30 h时,芴对2种细胞的毒性最强;剂量-效应研究结果表明,电化学法测得的芴对BALB/c 3T3和V79细胞毒性的半数抑制浓度(IC50)值分别为0.89 mmol·L-1和0.25 mmol·L-1,MTT法测得的IC50值分别为1.34 mmol·L-1和0.86 mmol·L-1.这说明芴对V79细胞的毒性效应更强,这可能是由于芴对V79细胞嘌呤核苷酸代谢影响更大.电化学法的检测结果与MTT法的结果趋势一致,且IC50值均低于MTT法,说明本文使用的电化学法可以有效灵敏地评价芴的细胞毒性.芴的细胞毒性作用机制可能是通过激活细胞中p53基因进而影响细胞嘌呤核苷酸代谢.本法通过检测细胞中嘌呤含量变化而评价芴的细胞毒性.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils around Guanting Reservoir,China

Fifty-six representative samples of topsoil were collected around Guanting Reservoir, which is an important water source for Beijing. Concentrations of the insecticides HCH, DDT, and their metabolites were quantified by use of gas chromatography (GC) with electron capture detection (ECD). Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are still present in surface soils in the Guanting area. DDT accounts for about 93% of the total OCP content. Concentrations of α/γ, β/γ, and DDT/DDE are the result not only of historical use, but also of more recent depositions. Statistical analyses, including principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA), revealed associations between concentrations of OCPs and major soil characteristics. Geographical information system (GIS) technology was used to develop maps of the distributions of OCP concentrations. The areas of greatest contamination were primarily in the central part of the study area and were correlated with greater population density, heavier traffic, and more industrial activity.     

青海省黄土丘陵沟壑区沟蚀影响因子的贡献率

以青海乐都县峰堆乡小流域6条侵蚀沟为研究对象,用钢钎法测定了年侵蚀模数,根据土壤砂粒、粉粒、粘粒和有机质的质量分数求算可蚀性K值,进行年侵蚀模数与植被盖度、坡度、K值之间的多元回归分析,采用标准化处理,来确定相对贡献率,探讨了3个指标对侵蚀沟的影响.结果表明:随着盖度增加侵蚀沟年侵蚀模数明显降低,沟蚀量对植被盖度的敏感度有随盖度升高而降低的趋势,沟蚀量有随坡度和可蚀性K值增加而上升的趋势.植被盖度、坡度和K值变化对峰堆小流域沟蚀量变化的贡献率分别为66.97%、7.12%和25.91%,可见沟蚀量受植被盖度的影响要大于坡度和K值的影响.     

Adsorption of herring sperm DNA onto pine sawdust biochar: Thermodynamics and site energy distribution

● Adsorption of environmental deoxyribonucleic acid on biochar was studied. ● π−π interaction and electrostatic repulsion worked in the adsorption. ● Thermodynamics indicated the adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic. Environmental deoxyribonucleic acid (eDNA), which includes antibiotic resistance genes, is ubiquitous in the environment. The interactions between eDNA and biochar, a promising material widely used in soil amendment and water treatment, greatly affect the environmental behavior of eDNA. Hitherto few experimental evidences are available yet, especially on the information of thermodynamics and energy distribution to explains the interactions between biochar and eDNA. This study investigated the adsorption of herring sperm DNA (hsDNA) on pine sawdust biochar, with a specific emphasis on the adsorption thermodynamics and site energy distribution. The adsorption of hsDNA on biochar was enhanced by an increase in the pyrolysis and adsorption temperatures. The higher surface area, stronger π−π interaction, and weaker electrostatic repulsion between hsDNA and biochars prepared at high pyrolysis temperatures facilitated the adsorption of hsDNA. The thermodynamics indicated that the adsorption of hsDNA on biochar was spontaneous and endothermic. Therefore, higher temperature was beneficial for the adsorption of hsDNA on biochar; this was well explained by the increase in E^* and F(E^*) with the adsorption temperature. These results are useful for evaluating the migration and transformation of eDNA in the presence of biochar.     

地下渗滤系统在污水处理中的应用研究进展

地下渗滤系统是一种基于自然生态原理的污水净化技术 ,在我国有着良好的可行性和发展前景。本文总结介绍了地下渗滤系统的类型 ,概括分析了地下渗滤系统中的关键性问题———土壤的选择与配制、水力负荷的选取、氮磷去除问题和土壤堵塞问题     

水环境中微囊藻毒素检测技术研究进展

随着世界各国对微囊藻毒素的重视,中国也在相关水质标准里新增了微囊藻毒素这项指标.因此,水环境中微囊藻毒素的检测和控制变得非常重要,而检测更是控制的基础.比较详细地综述了目前国内外在微囊藻毒素检测方面的各种不同的研究方法和成果;并在总结这些研究的基础上,展望了微囊藻毒素检测的发展方向.