近海高速铁路桥梁时变地震易损性分析∗

为研究近海环境下耐久性损伤对高速铁路桥梁地震易损性的影响,通过建立高速铁路多跨刚构桥 OpenS? EES 非线性有限元模型,考虑近海环境下高速铁路桥梁服役年限内钢筋锈蚀及其与混凝土黏结滑移性能退化,基于 IDA 方法进行非线性时程分析,确定桥梁各构件损伤指标并建立其时变地震易损性曲线;基于二阶界限法,考虑各构件相关性,进行高速铁路桥梁系统时变地震易损性分析。结果表明：全寿命周期内,近海高速铁路桥梁系统时变地震易损性随服役年限延长而增大,轻微损伤的超越概率随服役时间变化明显;随着损伤加剧,各状态的超越概率随服役时间延长变化减小;以服役 100 年为例,高速铁路桥梁系统在 8 度罕遇地震作用下发生轻微损伤、中等损伤 、严重损伤及完全破坏的超越概率分别为 97.5%、91.6%、21.5%、1.4%,分别比新建时增大了 5.3%、15.1%、 11.1%、1%。     

可持续发展的技术创新机制

可持续发展作为一种整体的发展观,是指经济系统、社会系统与自然系统（ＥＳＮ）之间相互作用、相互制约、相互依赖的协调发展过程。本文探讨了可持续发展技术创新（ＳＴＩ）与ＥＳＮ协调发展关系及其作用与特征等问题。     

念青唐古拉山扎当冰川雪冰中不溶性有机碳含量及其辐射强迫研究

为了研究雪冰中不溶性有机碳(Water-insoluble Organic Carbon,WISOC)的含量及其辐射强迫作用,于2012年7月和8月对青藏高原南部纳木错流域扎当冰川90个表层雪冰样品中WISOC的含量进行了分析,采样期间利用地物光谱仪实地测量了反照率.结果表明,在消融季节(7—8月),扎当冰川表面被裸冰、老雪和新雪覆盖,以上3种消融情形下WISOC的平均含量分别为(1618.4±1236.0)、(432.3±329.7)和(183.7±158.0)ng·g-1,雪冰的融化导致WISOC等吸光性物质在冰川表面的富集,降低了冰川表面反照率.通过SNICAR模型(Snow,Ice,and Aerosol Radiative Modle)敏感性分析表明,3种情形下WISOC降低雪冰表面反照率(贡献率)分别为0.0020(6.8%)、0.0018(7.4%)和0.0010(2.1%),对应的WISOC的辐射强迫分别为1.14、1.34和0.81 W·m-2.平均地,WISOC对辐射强迫的影响超过了黑碳(BC)影响的20%,而在新雪覆盖条件下,WISOC对辐射强迫的影响甚至达到了粉尘影响的72.3%.因此,虽然雪冰中的WISOC的吸光能力相对于BC较弱,但所引起的雪冰表面反照率降低及冰川消融等效应不容忽视.     

大气汞被动采样器研究进展

大气汞浓度监测日益受到重视,使用主动监测系统进行大气汞浓度监测需要持续电力供应,专业人员进行定期维护,且仪器普遍昂贵,因此不适宜在环境恶劣或基础设施落后的偏远地区进行,也难以进行大范围高密度布设。大气汞被动采样器由于造价便宜、不易受恶劣环境影响、采样过程中不需要人力及电力设施支持,可以在偏远地区实施无人值守监测,应用空间广泛。大气汞被动采样器在近年发展迅速,针对不同形态汞浓度监测有多种类型采样器。本文回顾已有大气汞被动采样器研究,针对各采样器的设计原理、采样效率及其在大气汞监测中的实际应用进行综述。     

水中微量有机物氯化物脱除复合膜的研制

采用溶液聚合法合成了丙烯酸及丙烯酸酯共聚物，并利用该共聚物可与环氧树脂交联的作用制备出交联聚丙烯酸及基酯的共聚物，并在聚砚底膜上涂膜形成可优先透过氯化有机物（THMs)的复合膜，以1，1，2－三氯乙烷，三氯乙烯等稀水溶液对丙烯酸酯系列复合膜进行了系统测试和研究，分别考察了不同制膜液、交联剂、操作压力、操作温度、进料液浓度、不同分离体系等条件对膜性能的影响，并优选出交联AB－AA－MAA／PS复合膜，表明效果良好，有很好的研究和发展前景。     

现代环境事件的冰芯记录

1997年9月，在喜马拉雅山中段希夏邦马峰北坡达索普冰川海拔7000m冰雪平台钻取14m冰芯一支。1990年以来冰芯中主要离子浓度的变化表明，现代环境事件在达索普冰川雪冰中有一定的记录。已有的证据表明1991年达索普冰芯中SO^2-4浓度的最高值最大可能是由海湾战争引发的1991年春季科威特油井燃烧污染物所致。冰芯中陆源离子（如Ca^2 和SO^2-4等）记录与我国西北地区春季沙尘暴具有某些相关性，其逐年变化趋势与新疆13个城市的降尘变化有一定的共性。     

Seasonality of carbonaceous aerosol composition and light absorption properties in Karachi, Pakistan

Characteristics of carbonaceous aerosol(CA) and its light absorption properties are limited in Karachi,which is one of the most polluted metropolitan cities in South Asia.This study presents a comprehensive measurement of seasonality of CA compositions and mass absorption cross-section(MAC) of elemental carbon(EC) and water-soluble organic carbon(WSOC) in total suspended particles(TSP) collected from February 2015 to March 2017 in the southwest part of Karachi.The average TSP,organic carbon(OC),and EC concentrations were extremely high with values as 391.0±217.0,37.2±28.0,and 8.53±6.97 μg/m~3,respectively.These components showed clear seasonal variations with high concentrations occurring during fall and winter followed by spring and summer.SO_4~(2-),NO_3~-,K~+,and NH_4~+showed similar variations with CA,implying the significant influence on atmospheric pollutants from anthropogenic activities.Relatively lower OC/EG ratio(4.20±2.50)compared with remote regions further indicates fossil fuel combustion as a primary source of CA.Meanwhile,sea salt and soil dust are important contribution sources for TSP.The average MAC of EC(632 nm) and WSOC(365 nm) were 6.56±2.70 and 0.97±0.37 m~2/g,respectively.MAC_(EC) is comparable to that in urban areas but lower than that in remote regions,indicating the significant influence of local emissions.MACwsoc showed opposite distribution with EC,further suggesting that OC was significantly affected by local fossil fuel combustion.In addition,dust might be an important factor increasing MACwsoc particularly during spring and summer.     

Insights into mercury in glacier snow and its incorporation into meltwater runoff based on observations in the southern Tibetan Plateau

The Tibetan Plateau(TP) is recognized as "Water Tower of Asia". Yet our understanding of mechanisms influencing incorporation of mercury(Hg) into freshwater in mountain glaciers on the TP remains quite limited. Extensive sampling of environmental matrices(e.g., snow/ice)were conducted on the East Rongbuk glacier on Mt. Everest and Zhadang glacier on Mt.Nyainqentanglha for Hg speciation analysis. Speciated Hg behaved quite different during snowmelt: a preferential early release of DHg(dissolved Hg) was observed at the onset of snowmelt, whereas PHg(particulate-bound Hg) and THg(total Hg) become relatively enriched in snow and released later. Small fraction of Hg in snow was lost during a snowmelt day(18.9%–34.7%) with a large proportion(58.1%–87.3%) contributed by PHg decrease, indicating that the deposited Hg is most likely retained in glacier snow/ice. Furthermore, THg were positively correlated with PHg and crustal major ions(e.g., Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+)) during snowmelt, indicating that Hg is mainly migrated with particulates. The main pathway of Hg loss during snowmelt was most probably associated with release of PHg with meltwater, which was greatly influenced by ablation intensity of snow/ice. This should be paid particular concern as Hg preserved in mountain glaciers will mostly enter aquatic ecosystem as climate warms, impacting on downstream ecosystems adversely. Obvious decrease of THg during the downstream transport from glacier was observed with a large proportion contributed by PHg decrease. The main removal mechanism of Hg was associated with sedimentation of PHg during the transport process.     

甲醇蒸汽在CaO颗粒脱硫反应中的作用机理实验研究

通过在模拟烟气中添加微量的甲醇蒸汽产生自由基从而发生链式反应的方法提高循环流化床干法脱硫反应速率。该实验结果和理论分析表明 :甲醇蒸汽在 90 0℃以下不可能通过热均裂产生自由基 ,而甲醇蒸汽的不完全燃烧过程可以产生自由基 ,引发快速的链式脱硫反应 ,脱硫反应的合理温度为 80 0℃