Characteristics, sources and health risks assessment of VOCs in Zhengzhou, China during haze pollution season

Zhengzhou is one of the most haze-polluted cities in Central China with high organic carbon emission, which accounts for 15%-20% of particulate matter (PM2.5) in winter and causes significantly adverse health effects. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are the precursors of secondary PM2.5 and O3 formation. An investigation of characteristics, sources and health risks assessment of VOCs was carried out at the urban area of Zhengzhou from 1st to 31st December, 2019. The mean concentrations of total detected VOCs were 48.8 ± 23.0 ppbv. Alkanes (22.0 ± 10.4 ppbv), halocarbons (8.1 ± 3.9 ppbv) and aromatics (6.5 ± 3.9 ppbv) were the predominant VOC species, followed by alkenes (5.1 ± 3.3 ppbv), oxygenated VOCs (3.6 ± 1.8 ppbv), alkyne (3.5 ± 1.9, ppbv) and sulfide (0.5 ± 0.9 ppbv). The Positive Matrix Factorization model was used to identify and apportion VOCs sources. Five major sources of VOCs were identified as vehicular exhaust, industrial processes, combustion, fuel evaporation, and solvent use. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk values of species were calculated. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of almost all air toxics increased during haze days. The total non-carcinogenic risks exceeded the acceptable ranges. Most VOC species posed no non-carcinogenic risk during three haze events. The carcinogenic risks of chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,2-dibromoethane, benzyl chloride, hexachloro-1,3-butadiene, benzene and naphthalene were above the acceptable level (1.0 × 10?6) but below the tolerable risk level (1.0 × 10?4). Industrial emission was the major contributor to non-carcinogenic, and solvent use was the major contributor to carcinogenic risks.     

西藏日太阳总辐射估算模型的优化与时间尺度效应

根据2012～2014年拉萨站点的日太阳辐射观测数据,对3种日太阳总辐射估算模型(左大康、Prescoff和王炳忠等提出的估算模型)的估算结果和实际观测结果进行误差检验分析,结果表明:3种模型都通过了显著性检验,其平均绝对误差(MAE)分别为6.17 MJ/(m~2·d)、6.42 MJ/(m~2·d)和12.31 MJ/(m~2·d),均方根误差(RMSE)分别为1.60 MJ/(m~2·d)、1.65 MJ/(m~2·d)和2.78 MJ/(m~2·d),表明利用地理位置信息和日照时数的左大康估算模型对拉萨日太阳总辐射的估算效果优于Prescoff和王炳忠估算模型。利用左大康估算模型分别估算得到2015年拉萨、那曲和葛尔地区的日太阳总辐射值,并进行模型验证。通过分析拉萨1971～2015年的太阳总辐射变化和周期性特征,研究日太阳总辐射估算模型的时间尺度效应。按照11年和四季两种不同的时间尺度,利用线性回归法对日太阳总辐射估算结果和实际观测结果进行误差和相关性分析,得到经验参数a和b的值与时间尺度有一定关系。11年和四季两种时间尺度除夏季以外,其他时间拟合模型的精度均得到了提高。通过线性回归法得出45年的西藏日太阳总辐射优化估算模型,该模型估算日太阳总辐射的误差小于左大康模型,估算精度较高。     

Anthropogenic land use substantially increases riverine CO2 emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from inland waters to the atmosphere are a pivotal component of the global carbon budget. Anthropogenic land use can influence riverine CO₂ emissions, but empirical data exploring cause-effect relationships remain limited. Here, we investigated CO₂ partial pressures (pCO₂) and degassing in a monsoonal river (Yue River) within the Han River draining to the Yangtze in China. Almost 90% of river samples were supersaturated in CO₂ with a mean ± standard deviation of 1474 ± 1614 µatm, leading to emissions of 557 - 971 mmol/m²/day from river water to the atmosphere. Annual CO₂ emissions were 1.6 - 2.8 times greater than the longitudinal exports of riverine dissolved inorganic and organic carbon. pCO₂ was positively correlated to anthropogenic land use (urban and farmland), and negatively correlated to forest cover. pCO₂ also had significant and positive relationships with total dissolved nitrogen and total dissolved phosphorus. Stepwise multiple regression models were developed to predict pCO₂. Farmland and urban land released nutrients and organic matter to the river system, driving riverine pCO₂ enrichment due to enhanced respiration in these heterotrophic rivers. Overall, we show the crucial role of land use driving riverine pCO₂, which should be considered in future large-scale estimates of CO₂ emissions from streams. Land use change can thus modify the carbon balance of urban-river systems by enhancing river emissions, and reforestation helps carbon neutral in rivers.     

Characterization of chlorine dioxide as disinfectant for the removal of low concentration microcystins

Microcystins, which represents one kind of cancerogenic organic compounds, is abundant in eutrophication water. The effects of reaction factors on chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) for removal of low-concentration Microcystin-LR, Microcystin-RR, and Microcystin-YR in water as well as the reaction mechanisms was investigated by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that MC-LR, MC-RR, and MC-YR could be efficiently decomposed by ClO₂. The degradation efficiency was shown positively correlated to the concentration of ClO₂ and reaction time; while the effect of reaction temperature and pH is slight. The kinetic constants and activation energies of the reaction of MC-LR, MC-RR, and MC-YR with ClO₂ are determined as 459.89, 583.15, 488.43 L·(mol·min)^-1 and 64.78, 53.01, 59.15 kJ·mol^-1, respectively. As indicated by high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometer (HPLC-MS) analysis, degradation should be accomplished via destruction of Adda group by oxidation, with the formation of dihydroxy substituendums as end products. This study has provided a fundamental demonstration of ClO₂ serving as oxidizing disinfectant to eliminate microcystins from raw water source.     

喀斯特高镉地质背景区水稻镉的富集、转运特征与机理

西南喀斯特地区土壤镉(Cd)具有"高地质背景、低污染风险"特征,但超过《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》风险管制值的区域是否仍具有低风险性,是迫切需要回答的问题.本文在罗甸县喀斯特峰丛谷地选择一个高Cd 土壤水稻种植区,开展土壤-水稻系统Cd含量特征和土壤Cd赋存形态等方面的研究,评价水稻各部位Cd的富集、转运...     

Study on desulfurization performance of MnO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-based activated carbon from waste coconut shell for diesel emissions control

Increasing concern about the air pollution caused by sulfur dioxide (SO₂) from diesel exhaust has resulted in the improvement of low-temperature desulfurization materials for the combined SO₂ trap. In this study, coconut shell activated carbon (AC) is pretreated by nitric acid to prepare MnO₂-based activated carbon materials for SO₂ removal. The prepared materials are characterized intensively by SEM, TEM, BET, XRD, FTIR, and XPS. The SO₂ capture capacity of these materials are measured at low temperature by thermogravimetry, and the SO₂ equilibrium adsorption characteristic is also investigated. The results show that the concentrations of nitric acid do not significantly change the textural properties of MnO₂-based AC materials. The content of surface-oxygenated groups (carbonyl carbon and transition) initially increases with the HNO₃ concentration rising and reaches the maximum value when the HNO₃ concentration is 10 mol/L, resulting in the enhancement of the SO₂ capture capacity. SO₂ capture capacity of MnO₂-based activated carbon decreases after regeneration and keeps stable after several cycles of thermal regeneration. The experimental data for SO₂ adsorption on MnO₂-based AC composite can fit the Freundlich model well in comparison with Langmuir model.     

硅促进水稻种子萌发及缓解幼苗砷毒性的效应研究

通过As~(Ⅲ)胁迫下水稻种子的发芽试验和幼苗毒性试验,研究了外源硅对水稻种子发芽率、幼苗生长的影响及其缓解幼苗砷毒性的效应。外源硅的2种处理方式为种子萌发时添加外源硅(Si1)和采用硅处理液浸种(Si2)。结果表明,发芽时介质中As浓度达到10 mg·L~(-1)时显著抑制水稻种子萌发(P0.05),发芽率仅为80%,但是Si1和Si2处理下发芽率则提高到97%和100%,这说明外源硅可促进砷胁迫下水稻种子萌发;砷浓度≥5 mg·L~(-1)时,Si1和Si2处理均可提高水稻的相对幼苗高度和根耐性指数,提高幅度分别为6.00%~16.8%和57.9%~77.0%、7.10%~23.5%和54.2%~61.2%,并且降低了水稻幼苗砷含量,降低幅度分别为17.8%~21.4%和31.0%~49.1%。这说明外源硅处理可促进砷胁迫下水稻幼苗的生长;不同砷浓度处理与水稻芽长、根长及幼苗干重之间存在"S"型的剂量-效应关系,且外源硅显著提高了相应的EC50,缓解了砷对水稻幼苗生长的毒性。综上所述,砷胁迫下水稻种子萌发时添加外源硅或采用硅处理液浸种均可促进水稻种子萌发和幼苗生长,并降低了幼苗砷累积和缓解砷对水稻幼苗的毒性。     

长白山暗针叶林建群种竞争关系的研究

根据野外调查数据,利用Hegyi单木竞争指数模型,定量地研究了长白山暗针叶内主要建群种（以鱼鳞云杉为例）的种内、种间竞争关系,结果表明：暗针叶林中鱼鳞云杉种内竞争强度随着林木径级的增大而迅速减小,也就是说,在暗叶叶林内,鱼鳞云杉种群由于自然调节的作用,随着林木径级的增大,林木因自然稀疏过程导致部分个体死亡,加大了株间距离,因此对光、温、水等生态条件及资源的竞争强度降低,暗针叶林内鱼鳞云杉种内种间竞争强度的顺序为：鱼鳞云杉－鱼鳞云杉＞鱼鳞云杉－臭冷杉＞鱼鳞云杉－红松＞鱼鳞云杉－长白落叶松＞鱼鳞云杉－岳桦＞鱼鳞云杉－杂木,鱼鳞云杉种内种间竞争强度可用幂函数关系CI＝AD－B（其中CI为竞争强度：D为对象木胸径;A、B为参数）表示,并可模拟和预测鱼鳞云杉种内种间竞争强度,从预测结果中发现：当鱼鳞云杉胸径达到35cm后,竞争强度变得小,且变化幅度不大,说明此时该生态系统已基本上达到稳定状态,这可为暗叶林的经营管理提供依据,即在鱼鳞云杉胸径达到35cm之间辅以必要的人工管理措施,以期使得该生态系统尽快达到稳定状态,图2表4参10     

贵阳地铁1号线氡浓度特征及其潜在健康效应评估

地铁轨道交通逐渐成为人们日常出行的首选,但作为较封闭的地下空间环境易导致氡积聚,对于工作人员和乘客存在潜在的电离辐射暴露风险,有必要进行监测评估。贵阳地铁1号线于2018年12月开通运营,所穿越地层主要为碳酸盐岩,该地层风化过程中常常产生氡异常,尤需引起关注。本研究利用RAD-7电子测氡仪,分别于2020年7月29日和2021年1月7日对该地铁全线20个地下站点及车厢中空气氡浓度进行监测,分析其时空变化特征及主要影响因素,估算人员暴露剂量,评估潜在健康效应。结果表明：贵阳地铁1号线氡浓度水平为9.6～257.5 Bq/m³,均值为38.9 Bq/m³,高于我国主要城市地铁氡平均值(28.9 Bq/m³),低于国外平均值(105.2 Bq/m³);且不同站点存在较大差异,整体上氡浓度夏季低于冬季。计算发现,站内工作人员因氡及其子体暴露导致的有效剂量为0.28 mSv/a,小于天然背景辐射值(约为2.4 mSv/a),属于低剂量辐射范围,不存在健康风险。     

彭佳屿岛春季TSP中痕量金属组成及其来源解析

通过大气环流向海洋大气边界层传输的人为源和陆源物质,明显改变了海洋气溶胶中痕量金属的组成.但基于开阔海域岛屿连续观测研究海洋气溶胶中痕量金属元素组成及其来源的研究较少.2010年3—5月在我国台湾北部东海海域彭佳屿岛采集了60个TSP（总悬浮颗粒物）样品,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）分析了19种痕量金属（Al、Fe、Ti、Y、Mn、Ba、Sr、Co、Cr、V、Ni、Tl、Zn、Sn、Pb、As、Cd、Sb、Se）的质量浓度.基于TSP中Al浓度、气团后向轨迹分析和美国国家宇航局CALIPSO卫星星载激光雷达扫描图像,将采集的TSP分为非沙尘TSP（不受沙尘影响的TSP）和沙尘TSP（受沙尘影响的TSP）.沙尘TSP中所有痕量金属的浓度都高于非沙尘TSP,表明沙尘对彭佳屿岛TSP中痕量金属有贡献.结合富集因子、相关性分析和PMF模型研究结果表明,彭佳屿岛春季非沙尘TSP中Al、Fe、Ti和Y主要来源于地壳矿物,Mn、Ba、Sr、Co和Cr同时受地壳矿物和人为源的影响;沙尘TSP中Al、Fe、Ti、Y、Mn、Ba、Sr、Co和Cr主要来源于地壳矿物.V和Ni在彭佳屿岛春季非沙尘TSP中主要来源于燃料油燃烧,而在沙尘TSP中同时受燃料油燃烧和地壳矿物的影响.非沙尘TSP和沙尘TSP中,Tl、Zn、As、Sn、Pb、Cd、Sb和Se的来源相似.Tl主要源于交通和煤燃烧,Zn、Sn、Pb、Cd和Sb同时来源于交通、煤和燃料油燃烧,As主要来源于煤燃烧,Se则主要来源于煤和燃料油燃烧.研究显示,人为源释放到大气中的Tl、Zn、As、Sn、Pb、Cd、Sb和Se可以通过大气环流长距离传输至开阔海域.