Gamma radiation-induced grafting of a cationic monomer onto chitosan as a flocculant

Grafting of (2-methacryloyloxyethyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride onto chitosan through gamma-radiation in acidic aqueous solutions was achieved for production of a novel flocculant. The grafted copolymer was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared, X-ray powder diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis. The effects of reaction parameters, such as total absorbed dose, dose rate, monomer concentration and temperature, on grafting percentage were investigated. The flocculation capacities of the grafted copolymer were evaluated with 0.25% (w/v) kaolin suspensions using the standard jar test. The results demonstrate the superiority of the grafted copolymer over chitosan as a flocculant.     

A field study of the relationship between sulfide-bound metals and bioaccumulation by Limnodrilus sp. in a heavily polluted river

Acid volatile sulfide (AVS) has been regarded as an important factor controlling metal bioavailability in anoxic sediments, but its effect on metal accumulation under natural conditions is poorly understood. Here, a field study of the influence of AVS on metal accumulation by Limnodrilus sp. in a heavily polluted river is provided. Most of the study area was subject to anaerobic and strongly reducing conditions, and the concentration of trace metals in surface sediments was high, as were the concentration of AVS and simultaneously extracted metals (SEM; average AVS?=?20.3 μmol g^?1, average ∑SEM₅?=?9.42 μmol g^?1; ∑SEM₅ refers to the sum of SEM_Cd, SEM_Cu, SEM_Pb, SEM_Ni, and SEM_Zn). Only a few species and small quantities of benthic invertebrates were found, and Limnodrilus sp. was dominant. There was no correlation between trace metal accumulation and (SEM-AVS), and in stations where (SEM-AVS) <0, the absolute value of bioaccumulation was high (average ∑BIO₅?=?4.07 μmol g^?1; ∑BIO₅ refers to the sum of BIO_Cd, BIO_Cu, BIO_Pb, BIO_Ni, and BIO_Zn), indicating that there was no relationship between (SEM–AVS) and metal accumulation in Limnodrilus sp. This was likely because Limnodrilus sp. ingest sediment particles as their main food source, so pore water metals play a minor role in their bioaccumulation (BIO) of materials. However, ∑BIO₅ was significantly correlated with ∑SEM₅ (r?=?0.795, p?<?0.01), revealing that the large number of sulfide-bound metals (SEM) in sediments may play an important role in metal accumulation in Limnodrilus sp., which can assimilate sulfide-associated metals by the help of the digestive fluids in the digestive systems.     

孑遗植物四合木(Tetraena mongolica)迁地保护中的光合作用日变化特征与生理生态适应性

为了进一步廓清迁地保护条件下孑遗植物四合木(Tetraena mongolica)的光合生理生态适应性,在分析了瞬时光合效率的基础上,应用LI-6400光合作用测定系统测定了迁地保护试验区的四合木以及原生境伴生种白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)的光合作用日变化,并测定了其生长量。结果表明:四合木实生苗的生长南北冠幅大小依次为乌海四合木核心区实生苗(26.48cm×27.26 cm)鄂尔多斯实生苗(21.27 cm×21.75 cm)阿拉善实生苗(19.25 cm×18.27 cm)。在原生境地乌海四合木核心区种植的实生苗与阿拉善实生苗之间的生长量存在显著差异(P≤0.01),与鄂尔多斯实生苗之间的生长量存在显著差异(P≤0.05)。迁地保护条件下四合木生实生苗植株叶片光合速率Pn日变化均呈"双峰"曲线。不同试验区四合木光合作用日变化(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)均表现出明显的分异。迁地保护四合木条件下原生境地栽培的四合木实生苗的光合速率鄂尔多斯栽培的四合木实生苗的光合速率阿拉善栽培的四合木实生苗。鉴此可以作进一步推论,孑遗濒危植物四合木从原生境地西鄂尔多斯核心区(乌海)东移进行迁地保护具有更高的生理生态适应性和生境适宜性。但完成"从种子到种子"进而实现"保存性和代表性",最终实现四合木迁地保护的"保持性和防止性",保持其遗传多样性和遗传稳定性,最终成功实现四合木的迁地保护仍有待作进一步探索和深入研究。     

Socioeconomic constraints on the technological choices in rural sewage treatment

Technological innovation is one of the potential engines to mitigate environmental pollution. However, the implementation of new technologies sometimes fails owing to socioeconomic constraints from different stakeholders. Thus, it is essential to analyze constraints of environmental technologies in order to build a pathway for their implementation. In this study, taking three technologies on rural sewage treatment in Hangzhou, China as a case study, i.e., wastewater treatment plant (WTP), constructed wetland (CW), and biogas system, we analyzed how socioeconomic constraints affect the technological choices. Results showed that socioeconomic constraints play a key role through changing the relative opportunity cost of inputs from government as compared to that of residents to deliver the public good—sewage treatment—under different economic levels. Economic level determines the technological choice, and the preferred sewage treatment technologies change from biogas system to CW and further to WTP along with the increase of economic level. Mismatch of technological choice and economic level results in failures of rural sewage treatment, e.g., the CW only work well in moderately developed regions in Hangzhou. This finding expands the environmental Kuznets law by introducing the coproduction theory into analysis (i.e., inputs from both government and residents are essential for the delivery of public goods and services such as good environmental quality). A match between technology and socioeconomic conditions is essential to the environmental governance.

     

“参与式”教学模式在公共体育课准备活动中的应用研究

通过文献资料法及教学实践经验,对中国环境管理干部学院准备活动中的"参与式"教学模式进行了探讨与总结,提出了准备活动中"参与式"教学模式运用的意义、实施方法和策略,并认为教师充分发挥其指导、反馈和评价作用是"参与式"教学模式有效开展的有力保证。     

地震灾区河谷滑坡检测的遥感分析——以北川县滑坡为例

震区滑坡易堵塞河道形成高危型堰塞湖,一旦坝堤溃决,将释放巨大能量,造成严重的地震次生水灾。本文利用多源遥感数据,旨在研究一种检测河道滑坡的快速有效的方法,迅速判断出滑坡位置,为救援减灾提供重要信息。首先,对于灾前CBERS-02B星CCD数据,通过归一化水体指数(NDWI)来提取灾前水体信息主要为河道;由于灾后震区天气状况恶劣,故采用Radarsat-1SAR数据。利用水体在SAR影像上的特性,经过多次试验后使用阈值法来提取河道范围。再对两幅影像提取结果中的河道区域进行交集运算,检测出河道范围内的变化部分。通过上述方法提取的河道信息较为模糊、零散,这些模糊、零散并非都由滑坡堵塞河道造成,而是受噪声影响,在此对河道交集影像做膨胀处理,达到突出滑坡信息的目的,进而得以提取河道真实堵塞范围。最后进行人机交互判读,提取滑坡区域。实验以四川省北川县滑坡灾害为例,证明了本文方法的高效性与可靠性。     

春季南海东沙岛硝酸盐干沉降通量、形成机制及其来源

硝酸盐是大气中主要的酸性离子,也是大气活性氮沉降主要的组成部分。中国目前对大气硝酸盐形成机制及其来源的研究主要集中在陆地区域,对海洋气溶胶的硝酸盐的形成机制及其来源的研究较少。本研究于2013年春季（3—5月）,在中国南海东沙岛共计采集了86个总悬浮颗粒（TSP）气溶胶样本,分析了TSP样品中NO₃⁻浓度、δ¹⁵N-NO₃⁻和δ¹⁸O-NO₃⁻值。结果表明：东沙岛春季TSP中浓度呈现逐月下降的趋势。基于浓度估算东沙岛春季NO₃⁻-N干沉降通量范围为(1.0±0.5)—(3.4±1.7) mg·d⁻¹·m⁻²（以N计,余同）。δ¹⁸O-NO₃⁻值在3月和4月（76.1‰±3.8‰和79.1‰±5.6‰）明显高于5月（67.0‰±7.5‰）,表明东沙岛3月和4月硝酸盐的形成路径不同于5月。贝叶斯同位素混合模型计算结果显示：N₂O₅参与的路径（N₂O₅+H₂O/Cl⁻和NO₃+VOCs）在3月和4月生成了37.2%和43.3%的硝酸盐,5月NO₂+OH路径是硝酸盐的主要形成路径,形成了80.2%的硝酸盐。δ¹⁵N-NO₃⁻值和气团后向轨迹表明,东沙岛春季不同月份TSP中NO₃⁻的来源不同,3月和4月以陆地源为主,5月主要受海洋源影响。     

金沙江底栖真核微生物地理分布特征及生态学机制

真核微生物在生物地球化学循环、维持生态系统健康稳定等方面发挥重要作用.目前关于大型河流真核微生物的地理分布模式和生态学机制仍知之甚少.以我国西南梯级水电开发河流金沙江为研究区域,探讨了底栖真核微生物的地理分布特征及影响因素,解析了真核微生物的种间相互作用关系.结果表明,金沙江底栖真核微生物的α多样性指数沿河流向下表现出先上升后下降的趋势;群落结构和优势属的相对丰度在上游自然河段和梯级大坝河段差异显著.距离衰减分析的结果显示,金沙江底栖真核微生物的群落构建受环境筛选和扩散限制的共同作用;方差分解分析和中性模型的结果进一步表明,其地理分布模式主要受到扩散限制的驱动.共现网络结果表明,相比于上游自然河段,梯级大坝河段的种间竞争关系和网络联通性较弱,说明了底栖真核微生物在上游自然河段的相互作用更强.研究结果补充了我国西南河流底栖真核微生物多样性和地理分布的资料不足,为梯级水电开发河流底栖真核微生物的生态响应提供数据支撑.     

天津市规模化奶牛养殖场废水中典型抗生素处理效果及生态风险评估

为了解天津市规模化奶牛养殖场废水处理前后典型抗生素的浓度水平及处理效果,使用固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱仪(SPE-UPLC-MS/MS)技术,对天津市12家规模化奶牛养殖场废水中7种典型抗生素进行调查监测.结果表明,12家规模化奶牛养殖场废水处理前后均不同程度地检测出抗生素残留.废水处理前,替米考星(TIL)、盐酸土霉素(OTC)、司帕沙星(SPA)、磺胺噻唑(STZ)、氧氟沙星(OFL)和盐酸沙拉沙星(SAR)检出率均为100%,磺胺嘧啶(SDZ)检出率为83. 33%.其中替米考星和盐酸土霉素为未处理废水中主要的抗生素成分,浓度为25. 21μg·L~(-1)和9. 87μg·L~(-1).处理后废水中磺胺嘧啶和氧氟沙星的检出率下降至25. 00%和41. 66%,主要成分为替米考星和盐酸土霉素,但浓度有着明显地降低,分别为11. 30μg·L~(-1)和3. 71μg·L~(-1).不同的规模化奶牛养殖场对于抗生素的处理效果在24. 95%～81. 05%之间.厌氧-缺氧-好氧(AAO)处理工艺的综合处理效果优于厌氧好氧(AO)处理工艺.氧氟沙星、盐酸沙拉沙星、盐酸土霉素为处理后废水中主要的高风险污染物,各规模化奶牛养殖场都含有一种或多种RQs 1的抗生素,其排放对环境构成一定的生态风险.     

崇明东滩湿地植被类型和沉积特征对土壤碳、氮分布的影响

滨海湿地碳、氮储量的分布可能受盐沼植被和外源沉积物的综合影响.本文以长江口典型滨海湿地为研究对象,分别在崇明东滩湿地北部、中部和南部设置3条样线,根据外源沉积物的区域特征研究了3种主要盐沼植被(芦苇(Phragmites australis)、互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)、海三棱藨草(Scirpus mariqueter))和土壤中的有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)的季节变化及空间特征.结果显示,崇明东滩湿地北、中部为淤积型滩涂,南部呈侵蚀态势.盐沼植被中芦苇和互花米草生物量TOC、TN累积量均显著高于海三棱藨草带.北、中样线的相同植被类型中的土壤TOC、TN显著高于南样线.高潮滩的芦苇带土壤TOC储量高于中潮滩的互花米草带,而互花米草带土壤TN储量略高于芦苇带,海三棱藨草带和光滩土壤TOC、TN储量最低.盐沼植被类型显著影响土壤各层次TOC和TN储量的分布,其中,0~10 cm层次储量受植被类型和表层外源沉积物空间特征的交互作用影响.