河北省人为土地灾害及减灾对策

针对河北省人为土地灾害较重的特点，概述了灾害的类型、分布及其危害，分析了致灾原因，提出减轻灾害、谋求可持续发展的对策。     

Effect of phosphate releasing in activated sludge on phosphorus removal from municipal wastewater

Aluminum and ferric salts are commonly used in municipal wastewater treatment plants(WWPTs) for phosphorus(P) removal. In this study, on-site jar tests were conducted to determine the removal of different P species from the fresh samples in the presence and absence of activated sludge(AS) with different doses of alum, poly-aluminum chloride,and ferric chloride at different p H. The soluble P(SP) concentration in the samples was about 0.63 mg/L. When the mixed liquor containing AS was treated with 8 mg/L of Al, SP could be reduced to 0.13 mg/L, while it was reduced to 0.16 mg/L with only 1 mg/L of Al after sedimentation removal of AS from sample. Chemical analysis determined that AS contained 59.8 mg-P/g-TSS and 43.8 mg-Al/g-TSS and most of the P was associated with the aluminum hydroxide. We discovered that the phosphate in the AS could readily be released from it, which was mainly responsible for ineffective removal of P to low levels in mixed liquor even with very high alum dose. This study provides new insight into the behavior and fate of P in the wastewater treatment plants that use alum to enhance P removal in the final effluent.     

Emission characteristics of offshore fishing ships in the Yellow Bo Sea, China

Maritime transport has been playing a decisive role in global trade. Its contribution to the air pollution of the sea and coastal areas has been widely recognized. The air pollutant emission inventories of several harbors in China have already been established. However,the emission factors of local ships have not been addressed comprehensively, and thus are lacking from the emission inventories. In this study, on-board emission tests of eight diesel-powered offshore fishing ships were conducted near the coastal region of the northern Yellow Bo Sea fishing ground of Dalian, China. Results show that large amounts of fine particles( 0.5 μm, 90%) were found in maneuvering mode, which were about five times higher than those during cruise mode. Emission rates as well as emission factors based on both distance and fuel were determined during the cruise and maneuvering modes(including departure and arrival). Average emission rates and distance-based emission factors of CO, HC and PM were much higher during the maneuvering mode as compared with the cruise mode. However, the average emission rate of Nitrous Oxide(NOx) was higher during the cruise mode as compared with the maneuvering modes. On the contrary, the average distance-based emission factors of NOxwere lower during the cruise mode relative to the maneuvering mode due to the low sailing speed of the latter.     

中国南方喀斯特地区石灰土容重传递函数模型及影响因素研究

土壤容重(BD)数据的缺失严重影响了我国南方喀斯特地区土壤碳储量的估算,亟待利用已有数据来构建容重传递函数模型(PTFs)。本文利用南方喀斯特分布省份的石灰土土壤普查数据,首次较为系统地研究了喀斯特地区石灰土的容重传递函数模型及影响因素。研究结果表明:(1)国内外已发表的容重PTFs对中国南方喀斯特地区非地带性石灰土的适用性较差,需要进行优化或重新建立新的容重函数预测模型;(2)优化后的模型Shiri et al(2017)~*、韩光中等(2016)-a~*和韩光中等(2016)-c~*的预测精度得到明显提高;(3)基于石灰土亚类建立的PTFs具有很高的拟合度和预测精度,比优化模型更加适宜于喀斯特石灰土的土壤容重预测;(4)不同石灰土亚类容重预测的影响因素存在差异,其中土壤有机质含量是石灰土容重预测的关键因素,与各亚类土壤的BD都有很高的相关性;(5)土壤容重传递函数模型的适用性不仅与研究区域有关,同时也与研究的土壤类型有关。建议在今后喀斯特地区土壤容重预测模型研究中充分考虑地域差异性和土壤类型因素。     

铜绿微囊藻生长代谢的密度依赖性特征及分子机制

蓝藻水华是淡水湖库普遍面临的水环境问题,目前水华形成机制研究大多关注外界环境因素而忽略了藻类自身及群体的关键调节作用.因此,本文以初始细胞密度为单一变量,考察了不同初始细胞密度条件下蓝藻生长、营养物质利用、叶绿素、藻毒素、胞外分泌物随时间的变化情况.结果发现,初始细胞密度会影响铜绿微囊藻的环境适应性和生长情况,当接种密度≥1×10⁶ cell·mL^-1,铜绿微囊藻适应期消失,初始细胞密度从1×10⁵ cell·mL^-1增加至1×10⁷ cell·mL^-1,最高细胞密度增加了68%,生长速率提高了21%,并且叶绿素变化趋势与生长情况一致.胞外分泌物随初始细胞密度增加而逐渐增加,有利于蓝藻细胞聚集成膜.当初始细胞密度较低（1×10⁵ cell·mL^-1）时,单细胞藻毒素分泌量反而增加,以提高蓝藻的环境适应能力.在高初始密度（1×10⁷ cell·mL^-1）条件下,铜绿微囊藻主要通过上调丙酮酸代谢和碳代谢,促进细胞生长增殖.因此,细胞密度是影响铜绿微囊藻生长代谢的重要因素,在蓝藻水华形成过程中可能发挥重要作用,水华防治应当在细胞密度较低的阶段进行.     

Mn2+协同PDS对酸性蓝80的电催化降解性能研究

以酸性蓝80（AB80）模拟染料废水,采用E-Mn²⁺-PDS协同体系,对AB80进行电催化降解实验.对比了不同催化体系的降解效率,探讨了Mn²⁺与PDS浓度、pH值和电流密度等单因素对E-Mn²⁺-PDS体系电催化降解效率的影响,对E-Mn²⁺-PDS体系中的氧化性物质、AB80的分解产物及其在体系中的矿化程度进行了研究,并分析了降解机理.结果表明：与其他催化体系比较,E-Mn²⁺-PDS协同体系最优,对AB80的降解率高达99.9%.pH值是最主要的影响因素,pH=3时,E-Mn²⁺-PDS协同体系的降解率为99.6%;协同体系中的氧化性物质包括硫酸根自由基（SO₄^-×）,羟基自由基（HO×）,还有活性Mn³⁺;AB80在协同体系中经过多种化学反应形成11种主要分解产物.协同体系对AB80的矿化率是直接电催化的2.6倍;降解机理为：PDS被Mn²⁺与电流激发出SO₄^-×后,SO₄^-×与水反应生成HO×,然后HO×与电流将Mn²⁺氧化为活性Mn³⁺,三种氧化性物质协同降解污染物.     

决策支持系统应用于城市环境管理

南宁市环境决策支持系统集环境管理办公自动化、环境管理系统(MIS)、环境地理信息系统(GIS)、多媒体环境管理信息应用和环境管理信息辅助决策等多功能一体集成的综合性环境信息系统，为南宁市环境管理、经济发展决策提供环境信息支撑与服务。     

炼厂脱盐脱钙废水处理工艺

原油中的钙盐主要存在于石油胶质和沥青质中。在原油加工过程中,有机钙盐因分解形成钙沉淀物而影响正常生产。对于原油中钙的脱除,目前应用最广泛的是螯合沉淀脱钙技术。炼厂脱盐脱钙废水中的钙、磷、石油胶质会对污水处理场造成不良影响,因而必须对脱盐脱钙废水进行预处理。预处理工艺包括物理和物理化学手段、生物处理工艺、化学氧化处理技术。技术可行性分析表明,可采用AOP高级氧化技术与生物处理相结合的工艺对脱盐脱钙废水进行预处理。     

Applying the methods of image evaluation and spatial analysis to study the sound environment of urban street areas

One important aspect of the urban environment is its sound environment, in which the sound environment of street areas plays a significant role. In this research, we employed methods of subjective image evaluation and spatial analysis of soundscape formation, in studying the sound environments of urban street areas. In Saga City, Japan, we analysed the structure and main sound components of urban street areas, as well as the sound pressure levels through on-site investigation. Through image evaluation, we obtained people's ratings of each sound component in terms of “preference” and “congruence”. Simultaneously, we interviewed people on site for their evaluation of the sound environment using semantic differential profiles. Lastly, we performed a spatial analysis of the site, identifying the different types of street sound environment and their characteristics using cluster analysis, as well as noting the interaction of auditory image and visual factors. The methods presented by this research can help us understand the sound environment of urban street areas more comprehensively and vividly, and to point out a unique direction in the research of urban sound environment as well as the planning of urban street areas.     

A COMPARISON OF SIX POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION METHODS FOR REGIONAL USE IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES1

ABSTRACT: Potential evapotranspiration (PET) is an important index of hydrologic budgets at different spatial scales and is a critical variable for understanding regional biological processes. It is often an important variable in estimating actual evapotranspiration (AET) in rainfall‐runoff and ecosystem modeling. However, PET is defined in different ways in the literature and quantitative estimation of PET with existing mathematical formulas produces inconsistent results. The objectives of this study are to contrast six commonly used PET methods and quantify the long term annual PET across a physiographic gradient of 36 forested watersheds in the southeastern United States. Three temperature based (Thornthwaite, Hamon, and Hargreaves‐Samani) and three radiation based (Turc, Makkink, and Priestley‐Taylor) PET methods are compared. Long term water balances (precipitation, streamflow, and AET) for 36 forest dominated watersheds from 0.25 to 8213 km² in size were estimated using associated hydrometeorological and land use databases. The study found that PET values calculated from the six methods were highly correlated (Pearson Correlation Coefficient 0.85 to 1.00). Multivariate statistical tests, however, showed that PET values from different methods were significantly different from each other. Greater differences were found among the temperature based PET methods than radiation based PET methods. In general, the Priestley‐Taylor, Turc, and Hamon methods performed better than the other PET methods. Based on the criteria of availability of input data and correlations with AET values, the Priestley‐Taylor, Turc, and Hamon methods are recommended for regional applications in the southeastern United States.