Towards carrying capacity assessment for aquaculture in the Bolinao Bay, Philippines: A numerical study of tidal circulation

The increase in intensive aquaculture production in the Bolinao Bay, Philippines reached the point of harmful influence to production stock. Up to the present, there has been no estimation of aquaculture carrying capacity which is based on quantification of processes responsible for (a) water quality inside the units, (b) impact to the seabed and (c) water quality in the whole Bolinao Bay. The numerical estimation of tidal circulation, which is the most dominant part of the hydrodynamical regime in the Bolinao Bay, represents an unavoidable step in the carrying capacity determination considering points (a), (b) and (c). The hydrodynamical model we apply is a free surface, 3D finite element tidal model, forced with sea elevation dynamics at three open boundaries. It incorporates an increase in bottom stress drag coefficients in the coral areas and advanced transport corrected advection scheme. The model simulations of water flow show good agreement with measured currents in the central part of the Bolinao Bay, southern and northeastern channel, while agreement in the areas in vicinity of northern channel is not as tight. In order to provide an insight into the water exchange in aquaculture units, to support local water quality models and seabed deposition models (points (a) and (b)), the area is mapped with neap tide mean, spring tide mean and 14-day mean current velocity contours. The highest 14-day mean velocities are attained in the southern channel (>17 cm s⁻¹), while the mean velocities characteristic for northern part (<6 cm s⁻¹) and shallow areas of coral reefs (<2 cm s⁻¹) are much lower. Area-mean difference between spring tide and 14-day mean velocities is estimated to be 18.32% (std=7.31%), while difference between neap tide and 14-day mean velocities is 17.62 % (std=11.19%). To support global basin-wide water quality models (point (c)), retention of water in the bay is estimated by Lagrangian and Eulerian calculation procedure of mean residence time field. Both calculations estimate the highest (no-wind) residence times (Lan: 25.4 days, Eul: 21.03 days) in the central northern part, but most of the area (Lan: 73.11%, Eul: 79.31%) is characterized by residence time values significantly lower than 15 days. The results are readily applicable for upcoming implementation in the models of local (aquaculture units, seabed) and basin-wide (Bolinao Bay) nutrient dynamics, primary and secondary production, organic matter decomposition and oxygen dynamics.     

中国降水量区域变化稳定性研究

利用中国气象中心160站点的实际观察资料,对中国半个世纪的降水变化进行了系统分析,发现中国的夏季降水变化稳定性有显著的纬度与海拔效应:纬度越高,方差值越小,降水变化的幅度也越小,稳定性越大;从海拔来看,海拔越高,降水稳定性越好,降水量的变化稳定性与海拔是成反相关关系.除过受区域水汽来源稳定性的影响,主要受全球降水稳定性的分布规律所制约;在海拔上,降水量稳定性的分布,除过受水汽来源影响外,还与水汽凝结的高度效应有一定的关系.     

景观格局演变及其生态效应研究进展

区域景观格局演变及生态效应研究一直是景观生态学研究的重点,对人类、自然的可持续发展具有重要的意义.文章从景观格局-过程-生态效应的相互驱动机制及当前的研究进展进行了系统的分析,综述了国内外景观格局及其生态效应研究相关进展,集中分析了当前研究中的热点和难点.景观分类是景观格局研究的基础,空间统计分析、转移矩阵分析和景观指数分析是研究景观格局演变的主要手段,新兴的元胞自动机理论和方法在景观格局演变研究中有很大的发展空间.景观格局演变驱动力研究需对自然驱动力、社会驱动力进行综合考虑.不同时空尺度下,景观格局与生态过程的内在机制也不一样.在此基础上,提出了今后研究的一些方向,重点是:(1)景观格局演变的内在驱动机制研究;(2)多尺度下景观格局和生态过程(如土壤侵蚀、养分流失等)的耦合研究;(3)"3S"技术、野外调查监测与格局-过程演变模拟模型结合的应用推广潜力.     

湖南省资源结构及其产业对策

资源是区域经济发展的基础，资源结构是区域产业结构赖以形成的重要条件。区域产业是经济发展的载体，它不仅支持着区域的增长，而且在很大程度上决策着经济增长的能力与潜力。据此，在分析湖南省资源及产业结构优化标准的基础上，提出了充分与合理利用资源的产业对策建议。     

圆管压入扩径内径变化分析

分析了圆管压入扩径时内径变化的规律和影响因素.理论分析和实验结果相一致,对实际生产中产品质量的控制有参考价值.     

浅谈YJ-W1型线性矩形可调喉口文氏管的先进性

通过对YJ-W1型线性矩形可调喉口文氏管的结构、性能参数,对比其它类型可调喉口文氏管设备,阐述其在转炉炼钢煤气回收系统中的先进性.     

Evaluating three trace metal contaminated sites: a field and laboratory investigation

Selecting guidelines to evaluate elevated metals in urban brownfields is hindered by the lack of information for these sites on ecosystem structure and function. A study was performed to compare three trace metal-contaminated sites in the metropolitan Montreal area. The goal was to obtain an idea of the organisms that may be present on urban brownfields and to measure if elevated metals alter the presence and activity of the indigenous biota. Field and laboratory studies were conducted using simple methodologies to determine the extent to which microbial activity affected by trace metal content, to assess diversity of plant and soil invertebrate communities and to measure phytoaccumulation of trace metals. It was found that microbial activity, as measured by substrate-induced respiration (SIR) and nitrification, was not affected by the levels of soil Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn recorded on the sites. Seven of the 12 invertebrate groups collected were sampled on soils with similar Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn concentrations. Diversity of plant species increased as a function of the length of time the sites had been inactive. Levels of metals in plant tissue were influenced by soil characteristics and not by total soil Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn.     

Elevated CO2 reduces the response of Sitobion avenae (Homoptera: Aphididae) to alarm pheromone

The aphid alarm pheromone (E)-β-farnesene (EβF) is an efficient signal that warns aphids of attack by natural enemies. In this field study, eight open-top chambers (OTCs) located in Beijing, China (40°11′N, 116°24′E) with spring wheat Triticum aestivum were used to examine the response of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae to CO₂ (ambient vs. double ambient) and EβF (applied zero, two, or five times each day). We experimentally tested the hypotheses that, depending on frequency of EβF release, elevated CO₂ reduces the response (in terms of population density) of S. avenae to EβF, and that lower activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in S. avenae may be involved in its reduced sensitivity to EβF under elevated CO₂. Numbers of S. avenae declined with increased frequency of EβF application under ambient CO₂ but were unaffected by EβF application under elevated CO₂. Additionally, the mean relative growth rate (MRGR) and the dry material and amino acid content of S. avenae increased with elevated CO₂ but declined when with EβF application. Activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were higher in S. avenae under elevated vs. ambient CO₂. Under elevated CO₂, however, AChE activity remained low when S. avenae was exposed to the lower EβF frequency, while the highest AChE activity occurred in aphids exposed to the higher EβF frequency. These results indicate that aphids become insensitive to EβF under elevated CO₂, perhaps because of decreased AChE activity.     

数字水准仪DiNi11/12原理及应用中应注意的问题

本文介绍了数字水准仪的原理、特点,着重分析了对台站跨断层观测精度影响较大的几个因素,并结合台站工作实际提出了减弱这些影响的措施,实测结果表明:采取这些措施可以有效地提高测量精度.     

从环境保护和生态主义的观点探讨景观设计——以中山岐江公园为例

在城市环境目益恶化的今天,景观生态设计问题越来越受到人们的重视。此文从环境和生态的观点出发分析现代景观设计,并以中山岐江公园为例探讨景观设计与环境保护和生态主义之议题,提出景观设计创作之初应先进行环境评估,立足于环境保护和生态主义的景观设计才更具生命力。