城市家庭生活污水水量调查与水质分析

选择三户典型城市家庭作为研究对象,对其家庭生活污水进行调查与分析．结果表明：城市家庭生活用水类型较多,主要分为洗澡水、洗衣水、淘米水、洗漱水、洗莱水、洗碗水、厕所用水和其它用水八个类型．所调查城市家庭人均用水量为217．84L／人·d,其范围在151．51～264．00L／人·d．所调查城市家庭生活污水的pH值的范围为6．14—7．43;浊度范周为13-221．6度;TP浓度的范围为0．69—3．18mg／L;COD浓度范围为5．9—1368．8mg／L。     

An enormous Jurassic turtle bone bed from the Turpan Basin of Xinjiang, China

A spectacular new terrestrial Konzentratlagerst?tte is introduced from the Turpan Basin of Xinjiang, China that probably belongs to the late Middle Jurassic Qigu Formation. It contains a mass accumulation of “xinjiangchelyid” turtles preliminarily identified as Annemys sp. In the zone with the highest turtle concentration, complete and articulated turtle skeletons are tightly packed at a density of up to 36 turtles per square meter. The fossiliferous layer is thickened here and shows an erosional base. This high concentration zone outcrops approximately 10?m in length and shows no decrease in turtle density after exposing 2?m of the layer into the hillside. Adjacent is a more expansive zone of at least 10?m by 30?m. In this region, the fossiliferous layer is evenly thick, and approximately five, fully disarticulated turtles are present per square meter. A conservatively estimated 1,800 turtles may, therefore, have been deposited at this site. It is likely that these aquatic turtles gathered in a retreating water hole in a riverine environment during a drought, much as some aquatic turtles will do today, but perished when the habitat dried up completely. A following catastrophic rainfall event caused a debris flow, possibly channelized in a dry river bed, which transported complete turtles, disarticulated turtles, and mudstone clasts and deposited them after a short distance. This taphonomic model is consistent with previous environmental reconstructions of the Turpan Basin during the late Middle Jurassic in predicting the episodic breakdown of regional monsoonal circulation resulting in a seasonally dry climate with severe episodic droughts.     

生物活性炭纤维处理小区生活污水的试验研究

为了实现小区生活污水再利用,进行以聚丙烯腈活性炭纤维(PAN-ACF)为载体的生物膜法处理小区生活污水的实验研究,以生活污水中COD、NH3-N、SS、浊度、pH等为检测指标来研究反应器的处理效果,实验结果表明该反应器对生活污水中COD、NH3-N、SS、浊度有非常高的去除效率,而且抗冲击负荷能力较强,以上指标出水均符合"城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质标准"(GB/T18920-2002)中城市绿化规定的水质标准。此外,实验表明聚丙烯腈活性炭纤维(PAN-ACF)作为生物膜载体具有很好的生物亲和性。     

污水生物处理中生物膜传质特性的研究进展

生物膜法处理污水,起主要作用的是附着于填料表面形成的生物膜,因此研究生物膜的传质特性对于提高处理效率、探究处理机理具有重要意义.本文综述了生物膜传质特性在污水生物处理中的研究进展,包括生物膜结构模型、传质微环境,以三相传质体系为研究重点的传质特性,以及影响生物膜传质的因素包括生物膜结构和水力条件等,并对以后应着重开展的...     

On-road pollutant emission and fuel consumption characteristics of buses in Beijing

On-road emission and fuel consumption (FC) levels for Euro III and IV buses fueled on diesel and compressed natural gas (CNG) were compared, and emission and FC characteristics of buses were analyzed based on approximately 28,700 groups of instantaneous data obtained in Beijing using a portable emissions measurement system (PEMS). The experimental results revealed that NOx and PM emissions from CNG buses were decreased by 72.0% and 82.3% respectively, compared with Euro IV diesel buses. Similarly, these emissions were reduced by 75.2% and 96.3% respectively, compared with Euro III diesel buses. In addition, CO2, CO, HC, NOx, PM emissions and FC of Euro IV diesel buses were reduced by 26.4%, 75.2%, 73.6%, 11.4%, 79.1%, and 26.0%, respectively, relative to Euro III diesel buses. The CO2, CO, HC, NOx, PM emissions and FC factors all decreased with bus speed increased, while increased as bus acceleration increased. At the same time, the emission/FC rates as well as the emission/FC factors exhibited a strong positive correlation with the vehicle specific power (VSP). They all were the lowest when VSP < 0, and then rapidly increased as VSP increased. Furthermore, both the emission/FC rates and emission/FC factors were the highest at accelerations, higher at cruise speeds, and the lowest at decelerations for non-idling buses. These results can provide a base reference to further estimate bus emission and FC inventories in Beijing.     

Effects of continuously regenerating diesel particulate filters on regulated emissions and number-size distribution of particles emitted from a diesel engine

The effects of continuously regenerating diesel particulate filter (CRDPF) systems on regulated gaseous emissions, and number-size distribution and mass of particles emanated from a diesel engine have been investigated in this study. Two CRDPF units (CRDPF-1 and CRDPF-2) with di erent specifications were separately retrofitted to the engine running with European steady-state cycle (ESC). An electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI) was used for particle number-size distribution measurement and mass estimation. The conversion/reduction rate (RCR) of hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) across CRDPF-1 was 83% and 96.3%, respectively. Similarly, the RCR of HC and CO and across CRDPF-2 was 91.8% and 99.1%, respectively. The number concentration of particles and their concentration peaks; nuclei mode, accumulation mode and total particles; and particle mass were highly reduced with the CRDPF units. The nuclei mode particles at downstream of CRDPF-1 and CRDPF-2 decreased by 99.9% to 100% and 97.8% to 99.8% respectively; and the particle mass reduced by 73% to 92.2% and 35.3% to 72.4%, respectively, depending on the engine conditions. In addition, nuclei mode particles increased with the increasing of engine speed due to the heterogeneous nucleation initiated by the higher exhaust temperature, while accumulation mode particles were higher at higher loads due to the decrease in the air-to-fuel ratio (A/F) at higher loads.     

可持续发展的教育评价体系的构建

可持续发展教育评价是可持续发展教育的重要组成部分,是推动可持续发展教育规范化的保证。中国关于学生的可持续发展教育评价机制并不太完善,本文通过确定评价指标的科学依据和设置基本原则,构建对学生的可持续发展教育的评价体系,包括环境指标、社会指标和学分指标三类指标,并对此评价体系进行综合评判。     

天津市规模化奶牛养殖场废水中典型抗生素处理效果及生态风险评估

为了解天津市规模化奶牛养殖场废水处理前后典型抗生素的浓度水平及处理效果,使用固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱仪(SPE-UPLC-MS/MS)技术,对天津市12家规模化奶牛养殖场废水中7种典型抗生素进行调查监测.结果表明,12家规模化奶牛养殖场废水处理前后均不同程度地检测出抗生素残留.废水处理前,替米考星(TIL)、盐酸土霉素(OTC)、司帕沙星(SPA)、磺胺噻唑(STZ)、氧氟沙星(OFL)和盐酸沙拉沙星(SAR)检出率均为100%,磺胺嘧啶(SDZ)检出率为83. 33%.其中替米考星和盐酸土霉素为未处理废水中主要的抗生素成分,浓度为25. 21μg·L~(-1)和9. 87μg·L~(-1).处理后废水中磺胺嘧啶和氧氟沙星的检出率下降至25. 00%和41. 66%,主要成分为替米考星和盐酸土霉素,但浓度有着明显地降低,分别为11. 30μg·L~(-1)和3. 71μg·L~(-1).不同的规模化奶牛养殖场对于抗生素的处理效果在24. 95%～81. 05%之间.厌氧-缺氧-好氧(AAO)处理工艺的综合处理效果优于厌氧好氧(AO)处理工艺.氧氟沙星、盐酸沙拉沙星、盐酸土霉素为处理后废水中主要的高风险污染物,各规模化奶牛养殖场都含有一种或多种RQs 1的抗生素,其排放对环境构成一定的生态风险.     

金沙江底栖真核微生物地理分布特征及生态学机制

真核微生物在生物地球化学循环、维持生态系统健康稳定等方面发挥重要作用.目前关于大型河流真核微生物的地理分布模式和生态学机制仍知之甚少.以我国西南梯级水电开发河流金沙江为研究区域,探讨了底栖真核微生物的地理分布特征及影响因素,解析了真核微生物的种间相互作用关系.结果表明,金沙江底栖真核微生物的α多样性指数沿河流向下表现出先上升后下降的趋势;群落结构和优势属的相对丰度在上游自然河段和梯级大坝河段差异显著.距离衰减分析的结果显示,金沙江底栖真核微生物的群落构建受环境筛选和扩散限制的共同作用;方差分解分析和中性模型的结果进一步表明,其地理分布模式主要受到扩散限制的驱动.共现网络结果表明,相比于上游自然河段,梯级大坝河段的种间竞争关系和网络联通性较弱,说明了底栖真核微生物在上游自然河段的相互作用更强.研究结果补充了我国西南河流底栖真核微生物多样性和地理分布的资料不足,为梯级水电开发河流底栖真核微生物的生态响应提供数据支撑.     

春季南海东沙岛硝酸盐干沉降通量、形成机制及其来源

硝酸盐是大气中主要的酸性离子,也是大气活性氮沉降主要的组成部分。中国目前对大气硝酸盐形成机制及其来源的研究主要集中在陆地区域,对海洋气溶胶的硝酸盐的形成机制及其来源的研究较少。本研究于2013年春季（3—5月）,在中国南海东沙岛共计采集了86个总悬浮颗粒（TSP）气溶胶样本,分析了TSP样品中NO₃⁻浓度、δ¹⁵N-NO₃⁻和δ¹⁸O-NO₃⁻值。结果表明：东沙岛春季TSP中浓度呈现逐月下降的趋势。基于浓度估算东沙岛春季NO₃⁻-N干沉降通量范围为(1.0±0.5)—(3.4±1.7) mg·d⁻¹·m⁻²（以N计,余同）。δ¹⁸O-NO₃⁻值在3月和4月（76.1‰±3.8‰和79.1‰±5.6‰）明显高于5月（67.0‰±7.5‰）,表明东沙岛3月和4月硝酸盐的形成路径不同于5月。贝叶斯同位素混合模型计算结果显示：N₂O₅参与的路径（N₂O₅+H₂O/Cl⁻和NO₃+VOCs）在3月和4月生成了37.2%和43.3%的硝酸盐,5月NO₂+OH路径是硝酸盐的主要形成路径,形成了80.2%的硝酸盐。δ¹⁵N-NO₃⁻值和气团后向轨迹表明,东沙岛春季不同月份TSP中NO₃⁻的来源不同,3月和4月以陆地源为主,5月主要受海洋源影响。