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61.
Chen Zongliang Zhang Yang Wang Yubao Zhuang Yahui KazuhikoSakamoto Katsunori Kimijim Tadao Suzuki Masahiro Uchiyam Yoshikazu Hashimoto Hisao oht Yasuaki mae NobutoshiHoriuchi Shin Suzuki 《环境科学学报(英文版)》1990,2(1):41-48
The conversion rates of SO2 to SO2-4 and NO2 to HNO3+NO3- are estimated from the field-data obtained in Beijing in summer, 1988. The results show that the conversion rate of NO2 is about four times as much as that of SO2; The conversion rates have a diurnal variation in a day. On the average, the rate of SO2 is estimated to be 4.7% h-1 during the daytime and 3.4% h-1 during the nighttime. Similarly, the rate of NO2 is estimated to be 17.2% h-1 and 12% h-1 respectively. 相似文献
62.
Jung JM Lee YJ Park HG Jung EY Jang MH Ha K Shin PS Joo GJ 《Journal of environmental biology / Academy of Environmental Biology, India》2005,26(1):97-103
Cyanobacterial blooms and associated microcystins in hypertrophic stagnant West-Nakdong River were investigated at weekly intervals from April to August, 1999. Microcystis spp. accounted for over 85% of the numeric abundance of total phytoplankton. Microcystins were present in the blooms sampled between May and August. The peak of total microcystin (microcystin-LR + -RR) levels (maximum level; 612 microg g(-1)) was detected in the initial stage of the bloom (mid May), at the same time as high N/P ratio and high Microcystis biomass. This study indicated that total microcystins of this regulated river was positively correlated to Microcystis biomass, absolute nutrient concentration and TN/TP ratio. 相似文献
63.
Lee EY Jun YS Cho KS Ryu HW 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2002,52(4):400-406
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia T3-c, isolated from a biofilter for the removal of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX), could grow in a mineral salt medium containing toluene, benzene, or ethylbenzene as the sole source of carbon. The effect of environmental factors such as initial toluene mass, medium pH, and temperature on the degradation rate of toluene was investigated. The cosubstrate interactions in the BTEX mixture by the isolate were also studied. Within the range of initial toluene mass (from 23 to 70 pmol), an increased substrate concentration increased the specific degradation of toluene by S. maltophilia T3-c. The toluene degradation activity of S. maltophilia T3-c could be maintained at a broad pH range from 5 to 8. The rates at 20 and 40 degrees C were 43 and 83%, respectively, of the rate at 30 degrees C. The specific degradation rates of toluene, benzene, and ethylbenzene by strain T3-c were 2.38, 4.25, and 2.06 micromol/g-DCW/hr. While xylene could not be utilized as a growth substrate by S. maltophilia T3-c, the presence of toluene resulted in the cometabolic degradation of xylene. The specific degradation rate of toluene was increased by the presence of benzene, ethylbenzene, or xylene in binary mixtures. The presence of toluene or xylene in binary mixtures with benzene increased the specific degradation rate of benzene. The presence of ethylbenzene in binary mixtures with benzene inhibited benzene degradation. The presence of more than three kinds of substrates inhibited the specific degradation rate of benzene. All BTEX mixtures, except tri-mixtures of benzene, ethylbenzene, and xylene or mixtures of all four substrates, had little effect on the degradation of ethylbenzene by S. maltophilia T3-c. The utilization preference of the substrates by S. maltophilia T3-c was as follows: ethylbenzene was degraded fastest, followed by toluene and benzene. However, the specific degradation rates of substrates, in order, were benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene. 相似文献
64.
Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis of the thermal flow in the combustion chamber of a solid waste incinerator provides crucial insight into the incinerator's performance. However, the interrelation of the gas flow with the burning waste has not been adequately treated in many CFD models. A strategy for a combined simulation of the waste combustion and the gas flow in the furnace is introduced here. When coupled with CFD, a model of the waste combustion in the bed provides the inlet conditions for the gas flow field and receives the radiative heat flux onto the bed from the furnace wall and gaseous species. An unsteady one-dimensional bed model was used for the test simulation, in which the moving bed was treated as a packed bed of homogeneous fuel particles. The simulation results show the physical processes of the waste combustion and its interaction with the gas flow for various operational parameters. 相似文献
65.
So-Ryong Chae Hyeong-Seok Jeong Jae-Lim Lim Seok-Tae Kang Hang-Sik Shin Byeong-Cheon Paik Jong-Ho Youn 《Water environment research》2004,76(3):272-279
A four-stage biological nutrient removal (BNR) process was operated to investigate the effect of anaerobically fermented leachate of food waste (AFLFW) as an external carbon source on nutrient removal from domestic wastewater having a low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio. The BNR system that was supplemented with AFLFW showed a good performance at a sludge retention time (SRT) of 30 days, despite low temperature. With this wastewater, average removal efficiencies of soluble chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (T-N), and total phosphorus (T-P) were 88 to 93%, 70 to 74%, and 63 to 68%, respectively. In this study, several kinds of poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) were observed in cells. These included 24% poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), 41% poly-3-hydroxyvalerate (PHV), 18% poly-3-hydroxyhexanoate (PHH), 10% poly-3-hydroxyoctanoate (PHO), 5% poly-3-hydroxydecanoate (PHD). and 2% poly-3-hydroxydodecanoate (PHDD), indicating that microorganisms could store various PHAs through the different metabolic pathways. However, breakdown of the enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) mechanism was observed when SRT increased from 30 to 50 days for the enhancement of nitrification. To study the effect of SRT on EBPR, a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system that was supplied with glucose was operated at various SRTs of 5, 10, and 15 days. Nitrification and denitrification efficiencies increased as SRT increased. However, the content of intracellular materials such as PHAs, glycogen. and poly-P in cells decreased. From these results, it was concluded that SRT should be carefully controlled to increase nitrification activity and to maintain biological phosphorus removal activity in the BNR process. 相似文献
66.
Shin HW Smith CM Haslbeck EG 《Journal of environmental biology / Academy of Environmental Biology, India》2001,22(4):243-250
Minimum effective release rate (MERR) of zosteric acid (ZA) was studied at Ford Island. At laboratory condition, spore attachment in Enteromorpha intestinalis was inhibited significantly at 28.2 microg cm2 of ZA. More than 95% reduction in spore attachment was achieved in Ulva fasciata at 2,000 microM of ZA through membrane diffusion system. At 40 cm depth level larval settlement was high with maximum number of Hydroides elegans settlement. The overall larval settlement was increased with increasing days of exposure. The MERR of 10 microg cm(-2) d(-1) ZA inhibited 50% of the larval settlement. However, the inhibition rate was not proportionate to the antifouling ZA concentration. Using MERR membrane diffusion system an effective antifouling strategy was suggested for Ford Island. 相似文献
67.
Misoo Shin Dongsoon Jang Jongwook Ha 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2016,18(3):399-406
Considering the global warming potential of R-134a (C2H2F4) with the substantial generation of this refrigerant as waste material in various industrial sectors, the development of proper thermal destruction method of R-134a is of great practical significance. For this, experiment and numerical calculations have initially made for a tubular-type furnace in order to figure out the basic combustion characteristics of R-134a. A series of experimental investigations for the thermal decomposition of R-134a have been made as a function of wall temperature of tubular furnace and important reacting species such as O2 and H2O necessary for the decomposition of C2H2F4 into HF, CO2 and H2O. In general, the thermal decomposition of R-134a is successfully made for the condition of temperature above 800 °C with the supply of stoichiometric amount of O2 and these results are well agreed with numerical prediction. And this information is employed for the simulation of a full-scale, practical incinerator used for the CDM project. For this, numerical investigation has been made for a commercial-scale incinerator using CH4–air flames for the proper destruction C2H2F4 together with the control of pollutants such as CO and NO. In general, the destruction rate of C2H2F4 appears more than 99.99 % and the generation of CO and NO species appears rather sensitive to the operational condition such as amount of water vapor. The numerical method of HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) thermal treatment shows high possibility as a viable tool for the proper design and optimal determination of the operational condition for a HFCs incinerator. 相似文献
68.
Young M. Noh Detlef Müller Dong H. Shin Hanlim Lee Jin S. Jung Kwon H. Lee Maureen Cribb Zhanqing Li Young J. Kim 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(4):879-888
Aerosol optical and microphysical parameters from severe haze events observed in October 2005 at Gwangju, Korea (35.10°N, 126.53°E) were determined from the ground using a multi-wavelength Raman lidar, a sunphotometer, and a real-time carbon particle analyzer and from space using satellite retrievals. Two different aerosol types were identified based on the variability of optical characteristics for different air mass conditions. Retrievals of microphysical properties of the haze from the Raman lidar indicated distinct light-absorbing characteristics for different haze aerosols originating from eastern and northern China (haze) and eastern Siberia (forest-fire smoke). The haze transported from the west showed moderately higher absorbing characteristics (SSA = 0.90 ± 0.03, 532 nm) than from the northern direction (SSA = 0.96 ± 0.02). The organic/elemental carbon (OC/EC) ratio varied between 2.5 ± 0.4 and 4.1 ± 0.7. 相似文献
69.
Seung-Ho Shin Wan-Kuen Jo 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(6):3696-3707
This study examined the indoor concentrations of a wide range of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in currently built new apartments every month over a 24-month period and the source characteristics of indoor VOCs. The indoor total VOC (TVOC) concentrations exhibited a decreasing tendency over the 24-month follow-up period. Similar to TVOCs, the median indoor concentrations of 33 of 40 individual VOCs (all except for naphthalene and six halogenated VOCs) revealed decreasing tendencies. In contrast, the indoor concentrations of the six halogenated VOCs did not reveal any definite trend with time. Moreover, the indoor concentrations of those halogenated VOCs were similar to the outdoor concentrations, suggesting the absence of any notable indoor sources of halogenated VOCs. For naphthalene (NT), the indoor concentrations were significantly higher than the outdoor concentrations, suggesting the presence of indoor NT source(s). The floor/wall coverings (39 %) were the most influential indoor source of indoor VOCs, followed by household cleaning products (32 %), wood paneling/furniture (17 %), paints (7 %), and moth repellents (5 %). 相似文献
70.
Shin Fukui 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2014,101(5):437-446
Symbiosis is one of the most fundamental relationships between or among organisms and includes parasitism (which has negative effects on the fitness of the interacting partner), commensalism (no effect), and mutualism (positive effects). The effects of these interactions are usually assumed to influence a single component of a species’ fitness, either survival or fecundity, even though in reality the interaction can simultaneously affect both of these components. I used a dual lattice model to investigate the process of evolution of mutualistic symbiosis in the presence of interactive effects on both survival and fecundity. I demonstrate that a positive effect on survival and a negative effect on fecundity are key to the establishment of mutualism. Furthermore, both the parasitic and the mutualistic behaviour must carry large costs for mutualism to evolve. This helps develop a new understanding of symbiosis as a function of resource allocation, in which resources are shifted from fecundity to survival. The simultaneous establishment of mutualism from parasitism never occurs in two species, but can do so in one of the species as long as the partner still behaves parasitically. This suggests that one of the altruistic behaviours in a mutualistic unit consisting of two species must originate as a parasitic behaviour. 相似文献