南京市大气中PM10、PM2.5日污染特征

于2001年秋季(11月)、夏季(8月)对南京市五大典型功能区的大气颗粒物(PMl0、PM2.5)进行了监测研究。结果发现，南京市颗粒物污染严重，PMl0、PM2．5的超标率分别达到了65％、85％；颗粒物浓度季节变化大，11月污染物浓度明显大于8月，PMl0、PM2．5分别相差l68.44μg／m^3、190．1μg／m^3；PMl0中PM2．5比重较大，大约为75．9％，对人体健康潜在危害大。     

炻器餐饮具的抗菌研究

以一种特种陶瓷--炻器为载体,分别用负载TiO2光催化薄膜和添加抗菌剂的方法进行炻器餐饮具的抗菌研究.结果表明,在紫外光和日光下,表面负载了TiO2膜的炻器灭菌率分别为90%和88%,均高于未负载TiO2膜的炻器,且灭菌率随光强的增加而提高.复合银盐显示了很好的杀菌效果,当釉表层银含量为0.2%时,24 h内对所有细菌的灭菌率为94.6%、总大肠菌群为96.9%.复合锌盐也有一定的灭菌效果,当釉表层锌含量为1.1%时,24 h内对所有细菌的灭菌率为56.8%,总大肠菌群为59.3%.但将TiO2粉末加入炻器表层的釉中,却未显示灭菌作用.对掺杂的炻器表面层成分和掺杂后Ag 、Zn2 的溶出量进行了测定,对灭菌结果和机理也进行了讨论.     

JHA在原料水罐大修中的应用

应用作业危害分析方法分析了原料水罐检修的危害,确定了安全对策,不仅保证了采用消防雾状水冲洗原料水罐内淤泥作业方法的安全,而且保护了内部防护层,还节省了大量的清洗费用.     

外源褪黑素对As~(3+)胁迫下水稻种子萌发的影响

本文研究了添加外源褪黑素对As~(3+)胁迫下水稻种子萌发及生理指标的影响。结果表明:添加外源褪黑素能促进As~(3+)胁迫下水稻种子的萌发,提高水稻的发芽势和发芽率,促进水稻幼苗的生长。当As~(3+)浓度为100μmol·L~(-1)时,添加100μmol·L~(-1)褪黑素能使水稻种子发芽率和总根长比对照分别提高57.1%和50.0%。添加褪黑素能显著提高As~(3+)胁迫下水稻幼苗中抗氧化酶系统过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性,并降低水稻幼芽中丙二醛(MDA)的含量。当As~(3+)浓度为100μmol·L~(-1)时,添加50μmol·L~(-1)和100μmol·L~(-1)褪黑素导致水稻幼芽中POD活性比对照处理分别提高57.5%和114.8%,CAT活性提高29.4%和53.8%,SOD活性提高31.5%和56.0%,丙二醛含量比对照处理降低16.5%和31.9%。添加褪黑素也能显著提高As~(3+)胁迫下水稻的根系活力,当As~(3+)浓度为100μmol·L~(-1)时,50、100μmol·L~(-1)褪黑素处理后根系活力比对照分别提高42.4%和124.1%。这说明添加外源褪黑素可缓解As~(3+)胁迫对水稻的脂质过氧化损害,有效降低As对水稻内膜的破坏,显著缓解As污染对水稻的毒害作用。     

模拟酸雨对石灰岩的破坏和表面腐蚀

硫酸是酸雨中腐蚀石灰岩的最主要成分,以不同pH值(4.0,5.6)的稀硫酸溶液模拟酸雨对石灰岩进行淋溶处理,研究不同酸度酸雨对石灰岩腐蚀的影响,包括溶液中pH值变化,Ca2+离子浓度变化、石灰岩表面粗糙度变化、重量损失和表面结构变化.结果表明,不同酸度酸雨淋溶后石灰岩都受到一定程度的影响,随着模拟酸雨酸度的增大,Ca2+的释放量呈上升趋势;Ca2+溶出速率,与H+的消耗速率不呈现明显的相关关系;经过120 h酸雨淋溶后,石灰岩重量损失率在0.083%～0.25%.酸雨淋溶后石灰岩表面结构产生了腐蚀,表面粗糙度增加,孔隙变深变宽,并在一定程度上缓解了酸雨的进一步腐蚀.表明高酸度雨水对南京六朝石刻等石灰岩建筑有影响.     

石墨烯类纳米材料作为药物载体的研究进展及其潜在风险

石墨烯作为一种新兴的二维碳纳米材料,近年来受到了医学领域科学家的高度关注。由于石墨烯类纳米材料具有较大的比表面积,易于表面修饰等优点,目前在药物载体方面的研究发展迅速。随着纳米技术的发展,除了氧化石墨烯外,进一步将还原氧化石墨烯、石墨烯量子点、石墨烯纳米带等石墨烯类纳米材料作为药物载体应用到医学领域。本文综述了石墨烯类纳米材料作为药物载体在医学领域的研究进展,并从石墨烯类纳米材料的相关毒性研究角度,提醒了人们负载药物前后石墨烯类纳米材料的迁移规律对其潜在风险研究的重要性。     

Ligninase-mediated transformation of 4,4′-dibromodiphenyl ether (BDE 15)

The structurally related hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) like hydroxylated 4,4′-dibromodiphenyl ether widely occur in precipitation, surface water, and biotic media. The origins of hydroxylated PBDEs (OH-PBDEs) are of particular interest due to their greater toxic potencies than the corresponding PBDEs. We studied the transformation behavior and products of 4,4′-dibromodiphenyl ether (BDE 15) mediated by lignin peroxidase (LiP), an extracellular enzyme that is produced by certain white rot fungus and is widely present in the natural environment. We found that BDE 15 can be effectively transformed through the reaction mediated by LiP, and two different mono-OH-dibromodiphenyl ethers were identified by using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and GC-MS/MS. In particular, we compared the reaction behavior for systems variously containing natural organic matter (NOM) and/or veratryl alcohol (VA), a metabolite that certain fungus produces along with LiP in nature. It was found that the VA’s enhancement effect on LiP performance was impaired by the presence of NOM. The findings in this study provide useful information for better understanding the origins of OH-PBDEs found in the environment.     

Phosphine migration at the water-air interface in Lake Taihu, China

The diurnal atmospheric phosphine (PH₃) concentrations and fluxes at the water-air interface in Lake Taihu were reported. The results showed that the PH₃ flux at the water-air interface ranged from −69.9 ± 29.7 to 121 ± 42 ng m⁻² h⁻¹, with a mean flux of 14.4 ± 22.5 ng m⁻² h⁻¹. The fluxes were both negative and positive during the diurnal period, indicating that the lake can act as a sink and a source of PH₃. In addition, the PH₃ fluxes were positively correlated with water temperature, total soluble phosphorus and soluble reactive phosphorus, while they were negatively correlated with water redox potential. A similar diurnal variation curve of atmospheric PH₃ concentrations was observed during all four seasons, with the maximum level occurring in early morning and the minimum appearing around midday. These findings suggest that light plays an important role in the elimination of atmospheric PH₃. A significant positive correlation was also found between air temperature and atmospheric PH₃ concentration. The mean flux of PH₃ in Lake Taihu was higher than in other reported wetlands, with an estimated annual emission of PH₃ to the atmosphere of 2.94 × 10⁵ g y⁻¹.     

铊在土壤环境中的行为及其生态毒理学研究进展

铊是一种典型的分散、剧毒元素,相较于Cd、Cu、Pb、Hg等常见的重金属元素,铊表现出更高的毒性,但由于其在地壳中丰度低,现有研究及标准制定过程中对其关注较少。伴随着含铊矿石的开采与利用,大量铊被释放到地表环境中,造成严重的土壤和水体铊污染,铊污染防治工作形势严峻。通过整理近年来国内外研究报道和相关规范标准,针对土壤中铊的评价标准、污染现状、迁移转化行为、生态毒性和修复技术等进行了综述,并基于现阶段研究存在的不足,提出了今后的研究方向。     

多枢纽服务模式的区域应急物流配送系统研究——以长三角区域电网应急抢修资源调度为例

以区域电网应急抢修资源调度为例,分析了区域应急物流配送系统的特征,进行了无枢纽产能限制的多重枢纽指派模式的"Uncapacitated multi p-Hub"应急物流配送系统的建模及其两阶段启发式算法的设计,并以长三角区域电网应急抢修资源调度为例进行了算例研究,提出了该系统在实际应用中应当注意的重要问题。