GIS在山东省震后早期应急系统中的应用

本文将地理信息系统（GIS）应用于震后早期地震形势判定，地震灾情快速了解，地震监测能力汇总显示等地震应急工作，建立了山东省震后早期地震应急信息系统，实现以历史地震活动信息和地震地质构造背景为基础，以最大概率法给出地震早期形势的判定。同时快速给出震中附近各种历史地震特点，快速给出灾害的影响范围和震区地震监测能力的统计分析结果，为地震早期应急工作提供高显示度的综合信息。     

中国环境外交的历史演变与现实挑战

自1972年斯德哥尔摩人类环境会议以来,中国环境外交活动,取得了显著的成就,并成为中国总体外交中的重要组成部分。然而,新形势给新时期的环境外交带来了巨大的挑战。为此,本文面对新形势提出相应对策。     

生命周期评价及其在环境管理中的应用

生命周期评价是一种用于评价产品、工艺过程或活动整个生命周期环境影响的工具．国际上,它被许多政府和企业所采用．中国对生命周期评价方法的研究才刚刚开始,对它作一相对系统的介绍是必要的．本文对生命周期评价的概念、技术框架和应用作了简要的介绍,并对生命周期评价的未来发展趋势作了展望     

The effects of biotic and abiotic factors on the spatial heterogeneity of alpine grassland vegetation at a small scale on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP), China

Understanding the complex effects of biotic and abiotic factors on the composition of vegetation is very important for developing and implementing strategies for promoting sustainable grassland development. The vegetation–disturbance–environment relationship was examined in degraded alpine grasslands in the headwater areas of three rivers on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau in this study. The investigated hypotheses were that (1) the heterogeneity of the vegetation of the alpine grassland is due to a combination of biotic and abiotic factors and that (2) at a small scale, biotic factors are more important for the distribution of alpine vegetation. On this basis, four transects were set along altitudinal gradients from 3,770 to 3,890 m on a sunny slope, and four parallel transects were set along altitudinal gradients on a shady slope in alpine grasslands in Guoluo Prefecture of Qinghai Province, China. It was found that biological disturbances were the major forces driving the spatial heterogeneity of the alpine grassland vegetation and abiotic factors were of secondary importance. Heavy grazing and intensive rat activity resulted in increases in unpalatable and poisonous weeds and decreased fine forages in the form of sedges, forbs, and grasses in the vegetation composition. Habitat degradation associated with biological disturbances significantly affected the spatial variation of the alpine grassland vegetation, i.e., more pioneer plants of poisonous or unpalatable weed species, such as Ligularia virgaurea and Euphorbia fischeriana, were found in bare patches. Environmental/abiotic factors were less important than biological disturbances in affecting the spatial distribution of the alpine grassland vegetation at a small scale. It was concluded that rat control and light grazing should be applied first in implementing restoration strategies. The primary vegetation in lightly grazed and less rat-damaged sites should be regarded as a reference for devising vegetation restoration measures in alpine pastoral regions.     

新型复合金属氧化物催化剂用于汽车尾气NOx净化的实验研究

采用固定床反应装置,模拟汽车尾气,研究新型复合金属氧化催化剂ＷＣＸ－Ｉ（Ｒｅ－Ｎｉ－Ｃｏ－Ｃｕ－Ｏｘ／Ｆｅ２Ｏ３）对ＣＯ还原ＮＯ反应和ＣＨ４还原ＮＯ反应的催化活性,催化剂的抗ＳＯ２中毒性能,抗积炭性能．结果表明ＷＣＸ－Ｉ催化剂对ＮＯ／ＣＯ和ＮＯ／ＣＨ４反应均具有较好的高温活性．在本研究实验条件下,４００℃以上时ＣＯ对ＮＯ的稳定还原率在９３％以上,６００℃以上时ＣＨ４对ＮＯ的稳定还原率在９２％以上．在１０００ｍｌ／ｍ３ＳＯ２－Ｎ２的高硫气氛中强制中毒及在１．０％ＣＯ－１０％ＣＯ２－Ｎ２的缺氧气氛中强制积炭若干小时后的催化剂试样对ＮＯ／ＣＯ反应的催化活性几乎未见降低     

无外加热快速测定废水COD_(Cr)

本文讨论了在无外加热条件下,直接利用浓硫酸与水混合放出的热量来加热水样的快速ＣＯＤＣｒ测定方法。从混合液温度和氧化剂条件电极电势两方面计算得到最佳的硫酸与水样的体积比为１．３４。实测结果表明,该快速法具有较高的准确度和精密度。     

Relationship of metal enrichment with adverse biological effect in the Yangtze Estuary sediments: role of metal background values

Exclusive pristine values of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn in the Yangtze Estuary are calculated using principal components analysis (PCA) to probe the relationship between degrees of metal enrichment and their adverse biological effects. The results show that obvious differences in the degrees of metal enrichment exist when the enrichment factors are analyzed with reference background values on global, national, and local scales. Based on the low variability of aluminum, the exclusive metal background values in the estuary are obtained with PCA and are more likely to reflect the pristine contents of the abovementioned metals in the Yangtze Estuary. For the six most common metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn), significant correlations exist between the enrichment factors and their adverse biological effects. Arsenic shows the highest potential to cause adverse effects despite its general lack of enrichment. However, Cd is the most conservative element and is not likely to cause biological effects in the estuary.     

啤酒废水处理工程运行分析

桂林漓泉有限公司污水处理厂经过改造,采用UASB－SBR工艺处理啤酒废水,处理后出水水质达到GB 8978－96国家污水综合排放标准。文章主要对UASB装置的启动,运行以及控制因素进行了论述和探讨。     

黄壤坡面土壤分离速率研究

黄壤坡面侵蚀是长江中上游泥沙的主要原因之一,因此对该地区的土壤分离过程的量化研究对土壤侵蚀机理研究的深入和水土流失防治具有一定的理论和实践意义。通过变坡水槽冲刷实验,研究了黄壤坡面土壤分离速率与坡度、流量及主要水动力参数间的关系,探寻模拟土壤分离过程的最优参数。试验结果表明：土壤分离速率与流量、坡度和多个水动力学参数都呈正相关关系。坡度和流量的幂指数均＞1,表明二者在实验测定范围内对土壤分离速率有叠加增大作用。水流功率（R2=0.93）与土壤分离速率拟合方程的决定系数最高,表明用水流功率来描述土壤分离速率能获得更多有效信息。当单位水流功率＞0.281 m/s后,土壤分离速率随其增大而剧烈增加。但是径流剪切力（与土壤分离速率的决定系数为R2=0.83）值的计算只需获得坡度和水深等数据,水流功率值的计算不仅要采集坡度和水深等数据,还要获得流速等获取难度相对较大的数据。因此,采用径流剪切力来描述土壤分离较水流功率更为方便,而采用水流功率来估算土壤分离速率更为精确。