中国环境基准研究重点方向探讨

环境基准是环境标准的科学依据,在国家环境质量评价和风险管理体系中处于基础地位。它主要是依据特定对象在环境介质中的暴露数据,以及与环境要素的剂量效应关系数据,通过科学判断得出的,涉及环境化学、毒理学、生态学、流行病学、生物学和风险评估等前沿学科领域。国家环境基准研究是一个长期的系统工程,本文基于环境基准研究的学科特点和国际前沿,结合国家科技需求和相关领域的研究现状,综合分析并提出了未来中国环境基准研究的重点研究方向:1)环境基准的理论与方法学;2)环境基准基础数据库;3)基准目标污染物的筛选甄别和优先排序技术;4)水体营养物基准;5)生物测试与毒性评价技术;6)人体暴露评价理论与相关技术;7)环境基准的审核和校对;8)环境基准与标准转化理论及其对环境管理支撑技术。本文从环境基准学科发展的角度,阐述了与环境基准研究紧密相关的8个重点研究方面的国内外研究进展、关键科学问题以及未来重点研究内容。同时指出,这些重要的研究方向是环境基准研究的根本,未来环境基准的长期战略发展必将是建立在各个重要方向长足发展的基础之上,环境基准研究也必带动这些方向的共同蓬勃发展,为环境地球化学、毒理学、生态学等学科领域发展注入活力。     

应用自动识别和定量系统评价两种污水再生工艺对微量有机污染物的去除效果

采用气质联用分析,并结合自动识别与定量系统(AIQS-DB)考察2种再生水厂采用的深度处理工艺对微量有机污染物的去除效果。结果表明,以污水为原水的膜生物反应器(MBR)+臭氧氧化+生物活性炭滤池(BAC)工艺用于再生水生产,MBR工艺对有机污染物的去除起主要作用;城市污水厂二级出水为原水的混凝沉降+浸没式超滤(SMF)/连续微滤(CMF)+部分反渗透(RO)+臭氧氧化工艺用于再生水生产,其SMF和CMF工艺段的膜截留作用均可有效消减有机污染物含量,SMF的效果优于CMF;2种工艺中采用的臭氧技术都能进一步加强部分物质的去除效果。气质联用结合AIQS-DB可用于再生水中污染物的筛查和不同污水再生工艺对微污染物消减效果的评价。     

镁渣配料煅烧硅酸盐水泥熟料的研究

研究了镁渣矿物组成和镁渣配料煅烧硅酸盐水泥熟料的反应动力在数和物理性能。结果表明：镁渣的主要矿物组成为γ－Ｃ２Ｓ、β－Ｃ２Ｓ、ＭｇＯ、ＣＦ、Ｃ２Ｆ、ＦｅＯ、ＣａＦ２等，并且镁渣可降低熟料形成反应表观活化能，加速熟料矿物的形成，提高熟料的强度。     

区域矿产资源开发的一般模式与应用——以赣江流域为例

本文首次将矿产资源开发作为一个能动型开放系统予以研讨,通过建立区域矿产资源开发数据库、计算矿产资源对国民经济发展的保证程度、计算矿产资源开发的价值贡献、经济地质区划和有限投资倾向的优选等5个方面实行宏观控制;通过组建矿产资源开发生产联合体进行中观调节;通过成立矿产资源开发综合研究机构获取微观反馈,建立了区域矿产资源开发的新模式,并以赣江流域为例进行了探讨,取得了有意义的结果。     

仪化涤纶厂乙醛废气质量浓度的分布规律

通过对仪化涤纶厂乙醛废气污染源的调查及监测，分析了其源强、生产车间及厂区内外的分布规律，并进一步作了该厂乙醛废气对环境影响的预测评价。结果表明，周边地区乙醛废气的质量浓度分布均达到《工业企业设汁卫生标准》的要求。     

成瘾者头发样品中滥用药物的GC—MS鉴定

本文采用气相色谱－质谱方法分离、鉴定成瘾者头发样品中的滥用药物，样品处理方法简单，甲醇一次超声提取，提取效果较好，样品用量少，仅需２０ｍｇ。应用该法对几例成瘾者头发样品进行了分析鉴定，不公检出几种代谢产物，而且检出药物的原形。     

AQI在呼和浩特市大气环境质量评价中的应用

AQI（Air Quality Index，空气质量指数）是一套目前在国际上被广泛应用的大气环境质量评价体系，本文采用这一体系对呼和浩特市的空气质量进行了评价。根据2003年的监测数据，分析了本市2003年的大气环境现状及季节变化趋势；利用1990-2003年14年间的空气中污染物年均值，分析了本市大气环境质量的年际变化趋势。其结论为：呼和浩特市空气的主要污染因子为TSP，而且空气质量虽在逐渐好转，但仍然基本处于“不健康”的状态，因此，需要政府继续采取措施进一步改善。     

超临界水氧化的技术研究进展

超临界水氧化是利用有机物与超临界反应来破坏有机物结构的一种新型氧化技术.本文介绍了超临界水的特性和超临界水氧化的原理与工艺装置,综述了这一高新技术在对酚、甲胺磷、DDT、硝基苯等有毒有机污染物的处理方面的最新研究成果,且对影响处理效果的各因素(温度、压力、氧化剂浓度、停留时间、有机物初始浓度、pH值)以及催化剂的研究进行了概括,并对这一新型氧化技术的发展前景作了展望.     

Development of methods for establishing nutrient criteria in lakes and reservoirs: A review

Nutrient criteria provide a scientific foundation for the comprehensive evaluation, prevention,control and management of water eutrophication. In this review, the literature was examined to systematically evaluate the benefits, drawbacks, and applications of statistical analysis,paleolimnological reconstruction, stressor-response model, and model inference approaches for nutrient criteria determination. The developments and challenges in the determination of nutrient criteria in lakes and reservoirs are presented. Reference lakes can reflect the original states of lakes, but reference sites are often unavailable. Using the paleolimnological reconstruction method, it is often difficult to reconstruct the historical nutrient conditions of shallow lakes in which the sediments are easily disturbed. The model inference approach requires sufficient data to identify the appropriate equations and characterize a waterbody or group of waterbodies, thereby increasing the difficulty of establishing nutrient criteria. The stressor-response model is a potential development direction for nutrient criteria determination, and the mechanisms of stressor-response models should be studied further. Based on studies of the relationships among water ecological criteria, eutrophication, nutrient criteria and plankton, methods for determining nutrient criteria should be closely integrated with water management requirements.     

Monitoring of 943 organic micropollutants in wastewater from municipal wastewater treatment plants with secondary and advanced treatment processes

To perform a systematic survey on the occurrence and removal of micropollutants during municipal wastewater treatment, 943 semi-volatile organic chemicals in 32 wastewater samples including influents of secondary treatments, secondary effluents and final effluents(effluents of advanced treatments), which were collected from seven full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plants(MWTPs) in China, were examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) coupled with an automated identification and quantification system with a database(AIQS-DB). In total, 196 and 145 chemicals were detected in secondary and final effluents, respectively. The majority of the total concentrations(average removal efficiency, 87.0%±5.9%) of the micropollutants were removed during secondary treatments. However, advanced treatments achieved different micropollutant removal extents from secondary effluents depending on the different treatment processes employed. Highly variable removal efficiencies of total concentrations(32.7%–99.3%) were observed among the different advanced processes. Among them,ozonation-based processes could remove 70.0%–80.9% of the total concentrations of studied micropollutants. The potentially harmful micropollutants, based on their detection frequency and concentration in secondary and final effluents, were polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)(2-methylnaphthalene, fluoranthene, pyrene, naphthalene and phenanthrene), phosphorus flame retardants(tributyl phosphate(TBP), tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate(TCEP) and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate(TDCP)), phthalates(bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(DEHP)), benzothiazoles(benzothiazole,2-(methylthio)-benzothiazol, and 2(3H)-benzothiazolone) and phenol. This study indicated that the presence of considerable amounts of micropollutants in secondary effluent creates the need for suitable advanced treatment before their reuse.