金鱼(Carassius auratus L.)对水中游离态铅的吸收积累及鳃分泌粘液的自身保护作用

研究了金鱼在铅暴露实验中的铅吸收过程及鱼鳃分泌物的自身保护作用，水相Ｐｂ＾２＋的鳃吸收机理以及分泌粘液对铅的络作用。结果表明，金鱼因铅暴露导致粘液分泌量增加。结合到鳃上的铅与水相Ｐｂ＾２＋活度关系可用Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ吸附等温式表述。     

城市环境管理信息系统的应用与技术

介绍并讨论了地理信息系统在环境方面的应用及技术，根据我国大城市环境污染现状和环境管理的特点，提出了在地理信息系统技术的支持下．利用数据仓库，建立城市环境污染控制的动态管理系统。     

天津地区六六六的归宿和跨界面迁移

以天津市为研究区域，以80年代有机氯农药禁用前为时限，利用稳态非平衡逸度模型估算了稳态条件下六六六的四种异构体在环境各相中的迁移和分布。模型估算结果用同期各主要介质的实测浓度加以验证。结果表明，农业施用和农药厂排放是该地区环境中六六六的主要来源，最大的汇则是土壤和水体沉积物，该地区最主要的界面迁移过程包括大气向土壤的沉降、水体向沉积物的沉降以及气相平流输出等，发生在土壤和沉积物中的降解则是六六六消失的最主要途径。     

Effect of nitrification inhibitor on plant biomass and N2O emission rates in alpine meadows on the Tibetan Plateau

ABSTRACT

Treatment with nitrification inhibitors, such as dicyandiamide (DCD) and 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) have been strongly indicated to increase grassland biomass and mitigate soil N₂O emission rates. However, the responses of both alpine meadow aboveground biomass and N₂O emission rates to nitrification inhibitors remains unclear. We separately applied three doses of DCD and DMPP to alpine grassland soils with three duplicates. The biomass and N₂O emission rates were subsequently measured by a clear-cut method and in-situ static chamber gas chromatography during the growing season. Our findings indicated that aboveground biomass increased significantly, and N₂O emission rate decreased significantly at 6.8?kg?ha^?1 DCD and DMPP. Furthermore, the biomass increase effect was more significant than the N₂O emission rate mitigation effect (p?<?0.05). The highest ratios of DCD treatments on meadow production increase and N₂O emission rate decrease were 27.2% and 36.3%, respectively. Our findings provide insight into the enhanced grassland primary production and decreased N₂O flux by nitrification inhibitor treatment in alpine meadows, which may be beneficial to help mitigate global warming.     

Fluoride and aluminium concentrations of tea plants and tea products from Sichuan Province,PR China

Some Tibetans in Sichuan Province in southwestern China have been suffering from fluorosis, due to drinking and eating tea with high fluoride (F) and aluminium (Al) contents. Tea plants, soils of tea plantations and tea products from Yaan, Gaoxian and Yibin Cities in Sichuan Province were investigated to evaluate the factors affecting F and Al contents in tea products. The F and Al concentrations of four commercial brands of brick teas were significantly higher than those of 11 brands of green teas. Chemical analysis indicated that total and available F and Al concentrations in tea plantation soils in Yaan and Gaoxian were within the normal range compared with acid soils in South China and tea soils in Fujian Province. Edaphic conditions did not contribute to the high F and Al concentrations in brick tea. Analysis of raw materials of brick tea indicated that old leaves were the major contributors to the high F and Al contents contained in brick tea. There were also great variations among different tea varieties in accumulating F and Al, and concentrations of F and Al in tea variety of Qianmei 303 were about 2-3-fold higher than the other three varieties. Selection of appropriate varieties would be important to lower F and Al contents in tea products.     

中晚期垃圾渗滤液的处理研究

垃圾渗滤液的处理一直是近几年污水处理领域的热点和难点问题。采用“吹脱-SBR-混凝沉淀-氯化”处理工艺对中晚期垃圾渗滤液进行实验研究，确定了各工艺的最佳运行参数，并对SBR的强化进行了新的探索。结果表明，该工艺可使垃圾渗滤液的COD值从1360mg／L下降到93．6mg／L，BOD，值从320mg／L降低到28mg／L，NH3-N的值从1098．6mg／L下降到16．1ms／L，出水色度接近无色，处理效果良好。     

介质特性对DBD降解苯的影响

为了提高介质阻挡放电（dielectric barrier discharge，DBD）等离子体的处理效率，研究了内外介质组成分别为：（1）石英＋石英；（2）陶瓷＋石英；（3）陶瓷＋陶瓷这3种情况下苯的降解情况。试验结果表明，在处理低浓度含苯废气时，陶瓷＋陶瓷效果最好；陶瓷（内管）＋石英（外管）在处理高浓度含苯废气时显示出优势。通过对气相产物和固相结焦产物的分析验证了DBD能有效降解苯，降解产物不会带来新的污染。进一步分析了实验条件和介质材料的变化对DBD降解苯的影响机理。     

Study of factors affecting on the extraction efficiency of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soils using open-vessel focused microwave-assisted extraction

As part of an evaluation of focused microwave-assisted extraction (FMAE) using an open-vessel system, the effects of matrix, moisture content, ageing, and solvent have been studied on the extraction efficiency of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from spiked soils. PAHs were spiked onto three different uncontaminated air dried and originally wet soil matrices with 1- and 20-day ageing periods. Solvents used were hexane–acetone (1:1), cyclohexane–acetone (1:1) and dichloromethane. FMAE only required a small amount of solvent (20 ml) and short extraction time (10 min) in the open cell under 90 W of microwave power. The results revealed that the extraction efficiency strongly depends on the nature of soil matrix; moisture content may enhance the recoveries of PAHs for many cases; and, the influence of the type of solvent is not significant. A comparison between microwave extraction and 16-h Soxhlet extraction has been made on spiked soils. It evidenced that the microwave method under ambient pressure is a suitable alternative to Soxhlet method for the analysis of PAHs in soils. For the evaluation of the developed FMAE method, three reference materials were used. The PAHs recovered from three reference materials were in a good agreement with reference values.     

不同源胡敏酸的表征及其对磺胺嘧啶光降解的影响

以国际腐殖酸协会(IHSS)推荐的方法为基础,对四川省绵阳市青义镇泥炭地、水稻田及凋落物覆盖土层中的胡敏酸(HA)进行提取纯化.通过元素组成、紫外-可见光谱、傅里叶红外光谱及三维荧光光谱对各HA样品的结构特性进行对比分析,并探讨各HA对磺胺嘧啶光降解行为的影响.结果表明:泥炭地HA(NTHA)、水稻田HA(SDHA)、凋落物覆盖土HA(LYHA)及市售商品HA(SPHA)均主要由C、H、O、N 4种元素构成,芳香性大小为SPHANTHALYHASDHA;与提取的HA相比,SPHA含有更多的含氮类、芳香类、脂类化合物及含氧官能团,腐殖化程度高,可能含有较多的光活性基团;磺胺嘧啶(SDZ)在黑暗条件下表现出良好的稳定性,而紫外光照条件下发生了缓慢降解,光降解过程符合一级反应动力学;添加不同来源HA后,各体系SDZ的光降解速率均大于纯水溶液,且HA表现出的促进作用大小为SPHASDHANTHALYHA,这可能与各HA的腐殖化程度相关.     

Air pollution and inhalation exposure to particulate matter of different sizes in rural households using improved stoves in central China

Household air pollution is considered to be among the top environmental risks in China.To examine the performance of improved stoves for reduction of indoor particulate matter(PM) emission and exposure in rural households, individual inhalation exposure to size-resolved PM was investigated using personal portable samplers carried by residents using wood gasifier stoves or improved coal stoves in a rural county in Central China.Concentrations of PM with different sizes in stationary indoor and outdoor air were also monitored at paired sites. The stationary concentrations of size-resolved PM in indoor air were greater than those in outdoor air, especially finer particles PM0.25. The daily averaged exposure concentrations of PM0.25, PM1.0, PM2.5 and total suspended particle for all the surveyed residents were 74.4 ± 41.1, 159.3 ± 74.3, 176.7 ± 78.1 and 217.9 ± 78.1 μg/m3,respectively. Even using the improved stoves, the individual exposure to indoor PM far exceeded the air quality guideline by WHO at 25 μg/m3. Submicron particles PM1.0 were the dominant PM fraction for personal exposure and indoor and outdoor air. Personal exposure exhibited a closer correlation with indoor PM concentrations than that for outdoor concentrations. Both inhalation exposure and indoor air PM concentrations in the rural households with gasifier firewood stoves were evidently lower than the reported results using traditional firewood stoves. However, local governments in the studied rural areas should exercise caution when widely and hastily promoting gasifier firewood stoves in place of improved coal stoves, due to the higher PM levels in indoor and outdoor air and personal inhaled exposure.