Restoration of Marine Coastal Ecosystem Health as a New Goal for Integrated Catchment Management in Tolo Harbor, Hong Kong, China

This article demonstrates why it is necessary to have the restoration of marine coastal ecosystem health as a new goal for integrated catchment management in the coastal area of Tolo Harbor. The present goal of integrated catchment management (ICM) in the Tolo Harbor is based on water quality objectives. The performance of the ICM plan, the Tolo Harbor Action Plan (THAP), was evaluated using marine coastal ecosystem health indicators including both stress and response indicators. Since the implementation of THAP in 1988, some significant reductions in pollution loading have been observed: reduction of 83% of biological oxygen demand load and 82% of total nitrogen between 1988 and 1999. There has also been an improvement in the health of Tolo Harbor’s marine coastal ecosystem as evidenced by trends in physical, chemical, and biological indicators, although reverse fluctuations in some periods exist. However, such improvement can only be considered as the first sign of complete ecosystem health restoration, because ecosystem health covers not only physical, chemical, and biological aspects of an ecosystem, but also ecosystem service functions. The findings support the need to take the restoration and protection of marine coastal ecosystem health as a new goal rather than using water quality objectives. Steps necessary to further improve Tolo Harbor’s marine coastal ecosystem health are also discussed.     

水稻根系对多环芳烃的吸着与吸收

采集了天津市宝坻和新立2地的水稻根系样品及同期当地的空气、灌溉水和田间土壤样品.将水稻根分为节根和侧根2部分,并采用连续提取方法将根系中的多环芳烃分为3种形态:根表弱吸着态、根表强吸着态和根内吸收态.结果表明:2样点根系中多环芳烃含量存在显著差异;节根和侧根中的多环芳烃含量存在显著差异;被根吸收的部分约占多环芳烃总量的60%左右.比表面和脂含量是影响水稻根系化合物浓度的主要参数.     

壬基酚对Americamysis bahia种群安全暴露基准浓度的确定

采用正态分布累积函数和幂函数,分别建立了壬基酚(NP)对Americamysis bahia多代种群暴露影响的浓度-种群周限增长率(λ)和浓度-种群内禀增长率(r)曲线,根据各自拟合的模型选择基准(MSC)值选择幂函数浓度-r曲线来估算种群安全暴露浓度.使用浓度-r曲线的浓度(r=0)的95%置信区间下限作为种群水平上的安全暴露基准浓度,确定了NP对Americamysis bahia种群多代安全暴露浓度(1.87μg·l-1).这个基准浓度要低于多代暴露实验所获得的NP的个体水平上的慢性繁殖毒性的安全浓度(12μg·l-1).     

Distribution of toxic trace elements in soil/sediment in post-Katrina New Orleans and the Louisiana Delta

This study provided a comprehensive assessment of seven toxic trace elements (As, Pb, V, Cr, Cd, Cu, and Hg) in the soil/sediment of Katrina affected greater New Orleans region 1 month after the recession of flood water. Results indicated significant contamination of As and V and non-significant contamination of Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg and Pb at most sampling sites. Compared to the reported EPA Region 6 soil background inorganic levels, except As, the concentrations of other six elements had greatly increased throughout the studied area; St. Bernard Parish and Plaquemines Parish showed greater contamination than other regions. Comparison between pre- and post-Katrina data in similar areas, and data for surface, shallow, and deep samples indicated that the trace element distribution in post-Katrina New Orleans was not obviously attributed to the flooding. This study suggests that more detailed study of As and V contamination at identified locations is needed.     

Catalytic oxidation of gaseous PCDD/Fs with ozone over iron oxide catalysts

Catalytic oxidation of PCDD/Fs (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans) with ozone (catalytic ozonation) over nano-sized iron oxides (denoted as FexOy) was carried out at temperature of 120-180 degrees C. The effects of operating temperature, ozone concentration, space velocity (SV) and water vapor contents on PCDD/F removal and destruction efficiencies via catalytic ozonation were investigated. High activity of the iron oxide catalyst towards PCDD/F decomposition was observed even at low temperatures with the aid of ozone. The PCDD/F removal and destruction efficiencies achieved with FexOy/O3 at 180 degrees C reach 94% and 91%, respectively. In the absence of ozone, the destruction efficiencies of all PCDD/F congeners are below 20% and decrease with increasing chlorination level of PCDD/F congener at lower temperature (120 degrees C). However, in the presence of ozone, the destruction efficiencies of all PCDD/F congeners are over 80% on FexOy/O3 at 180 degrees C. Higher temperature and ozone addition increase the activity of iron oxide for the decomposition of PCDD/Fs. Additionally, in the presence of 5% water vapor, the destruction efficiency of the PCDD/Fs is above 90% even at lower operating temperature (150 degrees C). It indicates that the presence of appropriate amount of water vapor enhances the catalytic activity for the decomposition of gas-phase PCDD/Fs.     

重金属离子天然吸附剂的解吸与再生

总结了重金属离子的天然吸附剂的解吸与再生的研究进展.着重论述了各类解吸剂的解吸原理、解吸特点和解吸性能.指出无机酸解吸剂是价廉高效的理想解吸剂,其中盐酸可在低浓度下达到较高的解吸率,且对吸附剂性能没有损害,而强碱溶液是以阴离子基团形式存在的Cr~(6+)的专有解吸剂.在解吸过程中采用超声波或微波有助于提高解吸率.多数天然吸附剂都具有良好的再生能力,经5次吸附-解吸循环操作仍能保持原有的吸附性能.     

磷钨酸季铵盐-β-环糊精包合物光催化降解甲基橙

制备了磷钨酸季铵盐-β-环糊精包合物,并进行了初步表征,用正交实验优化了包合物的制备条件。在光催化反应仪中,以紫外灯为光源,以包合物为光催化剂,研究了其对模拟染料废水甲基橙溶液的光催化降解脱色的影响。讨论了影响光催化降解效果的溶液初始酸度、催化剂投加量和甲基橙的初始浓度等几个重要因素。     

磷石膏预分解的热分析研究

采用热分析的方法对磷石膏在不同掺碳量、不同气氛条件下的热反应过程进行了研究,针对近年来提出的利用水泥新型干法技术实现磷石膏预分解制硫酸联产水泥的设想,研究了磷石膏的热分解过程对预热分解炉的适应性。结果表明,在碳与磷石膏的混合体系中,碳仅能在一定程度上促进磷石膏分解,其完全分解温度接近1 300℃。而在较强还原气氛中,磷石膏+碳系统生成硫化钙,在约1 260℃时才完全分解。因此新型干法水泥工艺分解磷石膏制酸联产水泥新工艺在实际过程中将受限于硫酸盐及硫化物熔点较低与硫酸钙分解温度较高这对矛盾而不宜直接采用。     

临江河回水区营养盐及富营养化特征分析

以2008年3～9月对库区次级河流临江河回水区水质的调查为依据,分析了临江河回水区氮、磷营养盐的污染分布及富营养化特征。结果表明,临江河回水区氨氮(NH₃-N)、总氮(TN)的浓度在7月中旬达到最小值,分别为1.963和5.128 mg/L, 之后在9月初出现峰值,而磷酸盐(PO^3-₄-P)和总磷(TP)的浓度却呈现出先增加后下降的变化规律;氮主要来自点源污染,而磷受面源污染影响较大;溶解性无机氮(DIN)和PO^3-₄-P是TN与TP的主要存在形态,平均分别占TN和TP的85.3%和77.8%,而DIN又以NH₃-N为主。营养盐浓度呈现出回水区中游最高,回水末端次之,河口处最低的空间分布特征。叶绿素a（Chl-a）的浓度在4月和9月出现峰值,其空间分布特征与营养盐的类似。研究表明,临江河回水区在重度污染的情况下,即便是河流型水体也可能发生富营养化;流速对Chl-a浓度的显著影响呈指数关系。     

坡改梯的损益分析——以贵州省喀斯特地区为例

用广义的效益-成本分析法,运用价值流量概念,对坡改梯的效益和成本进行了分析,结果表明,坡改梯是喀斯特地区农业可持续发展的重要途径,可增加耕地面积、提高水资源利用率和利用效率,可有效增进抗御灾害能力,可增加农产品产量,可同时提高经济、资源、生态环境和社会效益。