黄河岸边土壤中类二(口恶)英类多氯联苯污染现状及风险

研究了全黄河范围内40个国家重点控制断面岸边土壤样品中类二噁英类多氯联苯(dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls,DL-PCBs)的污染现状,并利用毒性当量法和健康风险评价模型定量描述黄河岸边土壤中DL-PCBs对沿岸居民的毒性风险、致癌风险和非致癌风险.结果表明,黄河岸边土壤中各采样断面岸边土壤中ΣDL-PCBs的含量(以dw计,下同)范围为:0.37~7.17 ng·g~(-1),均值为0.38 ng·g~(-1).毒性风险计算表明,黄河岸边土壤中DL-PCBs的毒性当量范围为:0.00~30.31 pg·g~(-1),均值是13.63 pg·g~(-1),基本不会对沿岸居民产生毒性风险;健康风险模型计算表明,黄河岸边土壤中DL-PCBs对儿童和成人的致癌风险、非致癌风险均未超过美国EPA规定的限值,基本不会产生明显的健康风险.相比而言,黄河中游沿岸居民更易受到DL-PCBs危害.     

广西玉林市大气PM10和PM2.5中有机碳和元素碳污染特征分析

2015年7月~2016年3月期间在广西玉林市3个空气监测点位共采集环境大气颗粒物PM_(10)样品218份,PM_(2.5)样品202份,利用多波段热/光碳分析仪分析其颗粒物中有机碳和(OC)和元素碳(EC)浓度水平、时空变化、污染特征及可能来源.结果表明,玉林市PM_(10)中OC和EC质量浓度分别为10.99μg·m~(-3)和5.11μg·m~(-3);PM_(2.5)中OC和EC质量浓度分别为7.51μg·m~(-3)和4.70μg·m~(-3).3个监测点位大气中PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)冬季的OC和EC浓度水平均高于其他季节,PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)中OC和EC的相关性较好,R2分别为0.58和0.60(P均小于0.01).应用最小OC/EC比值法对二次有机碳(SOC)含量进行了估算,冬季大气PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中SOC平均质量浓度分别为14.50μg·m~(-3)和6.74μg·m~(-3),高于其他季节.PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中SOC/OC比值均0.5,玉林市大气中粗细颗粒物均以SOC为主.夏季PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中SOC/OC分别为80.6%和77.7%,为四季最高值,与夏季温度较高、光照强烈、有利于光化学反应将OC转化为SOC有关.     

Quantifying public health benefits of environmental strategy of PM2.5 air quality management in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, China

In 2013,China issued "Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan(Action Plan)" to improve air quality.To assess the benefits of this program in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH)region,where the density of population and emissions vary greatly,we simulated the air quality benefit based on Ben MAP to satisfy the Action Plan.In this study,we estimate PM_(2.5) concentration using Voronoi spatial interpolation method on a grid with a spatial resolution of 1 × 1 km~2.Combined with the exposure-response function between PM_(2.5) concentration and health endpoints,health effects of PM_(2.5) exposure are analyzed.The economic loss is assessed by using the willingness to pay(WTP) method and human capital(HC) method.When the PM_(2.5) concentration falls by 25% in BTH and reached 60 μg/m~3 in Beijing,the avoiding deaths will be in the range of 3175 to 14051 based on different functions each year.Of the estimated mortality attributable to all causes,3117 annual deaths were due to lung cancer,1924 – 6318 annual deaths were due to cardiovascular,and343 – 1697 annual deaths were due to respiratory.Based on WTP,the estimated monetary values for the avoided cases of all cause mortality,cardiovascular mortality,respiratory mortality and lung cancer ranged from 1110 to 29632,673 to 13325,120 to 3579,1091 to 6574 million yuan,respectively.Based on HC,the corresponding values for the avoided cases of these four mortalities were 267 to 1178,161 to 529,29 to 143 and 261 million yuan,respectively.     

钦州湾内湾茅尾海营养状况分析与评价研究

根据2011年-2012年茅尾海水质监测调查资料分析其营养特征,结果显示:茅尾海总体处于中度富营养状态,时空差异较为明显,以夏季最为严重,从湾顶河口往南部湾口减轻.有机污染等级为轻至中度,空间分布与富营养状况相似.水体盐度以湾顶河口区域向中南部呈梯度递增,与富营养化指数(EI)、有机污染指数(AI)、化学需氧量(COD)、亚硝酸盐(NH2-N)、硝酸盐(NO3-N)、铵盐(NH4-N)、溶解态无机氮(DIN)呈显著负相关,表明湾顶钦江、茅岭江的入海污染是茅尾海富营养和有机污染的主要物质来源,其径流输入与外湾潮流运动综合作用对茅尾海营养分布特征具有控制作用.茅尾海丰、枯水期氮磷比分别为60、18,丰、平水期均以磷营养限制为主,茅岭江是该海湾溶解态无机磷(DIP)的主要贡献者.DIP与盐度、EI、AI相关性不显著,对富营养和有机污染程度的贡献相比COD、DIN较为有限.     

浒苔生物炭的特征及其对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附特点和吸附机制

为使浒苔得到资源化利用,本研究采用慢速热解技术于不同温度下制备浒苔生物炭,并对其理化性质进行表征.结果表明,400℃时,浒苔裂解已达较高程度.浒苔生物炭产率及灰分含量与热解温度呈负相关,碳含量与热解温度呈正相关,其表面呈蜂窝状多孔结构,比表面积为44.54~317.82 m~2·g~(-1),表面含有丰富的羟基(—OH)和羧基(—COOH)等含氧官能团.吸附实验显示,浒苔生物炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附符合准二级动力学方程和Langmuir等温吸附模型.表明浒苔生物炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附为单分子层化学吸附,主要受快速反应过程控制.浒苔生物炭吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的最适p H为2,吸附容量表现为BC400BC700BC600BC500BC300,其中BC400的吸附量为4.79 mg·g~(-1).浒苔生物炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附机制主要包括生物炭与HCr O-4和Cr2O_2-7等阴离子之间的静电作用,以及生物炭表面—OH和—COOH等含氧官能团的络合作用.     

餐厨垃圾乳酸发酵过程中的微生物多样性分析

采用PCR-DGGE等分析手段,研究了餐厨垃圾乳酸发酵过程中的微生物种群动态变化.结果表明,餐厨垃圾不灭菌而接种的开放式发酵体系中微生物的多样性高于灭菌后接种的非开放式发酵体系,而乳酸产量也是前者高于后者.说明发酵体系中的微生物多样性与乳酸产量有很大的相关性.通过对部分条带的测序可知,餐厨垃圾开放式发酵体系中除含有接种用的嗜淀粉乳杆菌外,还含有很多土著乳酸菌,如Lactobacillus sp.、Lactobacillus casei和Lactobacillus plantarum,以及土著水解菌,如假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)等,这些土著菌的存在是促进乳酸发酵的重要因素.PCR-DGGE结合技术对于成分复杂的餐厨垃圾中的细菌种群结构的动态变化分析是可行的.     

白洋淀水体和沉积物中碱性磷酸酶活性的时空分布及其影响因素

2011—2012年期间,以白洋淀8个国控监测点为采样点,通过对水体和沉积物碱性磷酸酶活性（APA）和理化参数的分析,揭示了白洋淀碱性磷酸酶活性时空分布特征及影响因素.结果表明,白洋淀碱性磷酸酶活性具有明显的时空分布规律,春季碱性磷酸酶活性增大,夏秋季达最高值,冬季最低,富营养化程度高的样点碱性磷酸酶活性较高.相关性分析结果表明,水体碱性磷酸酶活性与氨氮和氮磷比显著负相关（p<0.05）,与温度、总磷、浮游植物密度显著正相关（p<0.01）.推测浮游植物密度可能是影响水体碱性磷酸酶活性的主要因素;沉积物中碱性磷酸酶活性可能主要与微生物相关,与沉积物总磷含量显著正相关（p<0.05）.水体和沉积物中碱性磷酸酶活性与采样点富营养化程度一致,可以作为白洋淀富营养化的评价指标.     

含油污泥微乳化处理工艺研究

利用微乳化法对含油污泥进行资源化处理。通过对现场采得的SLGD含油污泥样品处理,得到该油泥的最佳微乳液组成为:SDS 0.16 g/mL,OTAC 0.04 g/mL,正丁醇0.47 g/mL,NaCl 0.034 g/mL,脱油率最高可达42.53%。最佳单次处理量为12 g(以10 mL水为基准);处理温度为30℃,最佳处理时间为30 min;在保证脱油率的前提下,微乳液可重复使用3次。     

以废气为热源生产二水氯化钙的新工艺

针对在氯化法生产钛白粉的过程中产生的大量高热值废气和氯化钙废水,提出以废气为热源生产二水氯化钙的新工艺。以焚烧的方式处理氯化尾气,将产生的热量用于浓缩蒸发氯化钙废水,生产工业级二水氯化钙产品,达到以废治废的目的。不仅处理了工业废气和废水,在节约能源的同时创造了一定的经济效益。     

Competitive sorption between 17α-ethinyl estradiol and bisphenol A/4-n-nonylphenol by soils

The sorption of 17α-ethinyl estradiol(EE2),bisphenol A(BPA),and 4-n-nonylphenol(NP) in single systems and the sorption of EE2 with different initial aqueous concentrations of BPA or NP were examined using three soils.Results showed that all sorption isotherms were nonlinear and fit the Freundlich model.The degree of nonlinearity was in the order BPA(0.537-0.686) > EE2(0.705-0.858) > NP(0.875-0.0.951) in single systems.The isotherm linearity index of EE2 sorption calculated by the Freundlich model for Loam,Silt Loam and Silt increased from 0.758,0.705 and 0.858,to 0.889,0.910 and 0.969,respectively,when BPA concentration increased from 0 to 1000 μg/L,but the effect of NP was comparably minimal.Additionally,EE2 significantly suppressed the sorption of BPA,but insignificantly suppressed that of NP.These findings can be attributed to the difference of sorption affinity of EE2,NP and BPA on the hard carbon(e.g.,black carbon) of soil organic matter that dominated the sorption in the low equilibrium aqueous concentration range of endocrine-disrupting chemicals(EDCs).Competitive sorption among EDCs presents new challenges for predicting the transport and fate of EDCs under the influence of co-solutes.