重金属污染对土壤动物群落生态影响的研究

研究结果表明,污染区土壤动物种类计有３１类,蜱螨类和弹尾类为优势类群,其它２９类为常见类群和希有类群;土壤动物种类和数量随着污染影响程度的增加而减少,土壤物数量变化主要由于优势类群的数量消长,土壤动物种类的减少则由于污染敏感种类的减少或消失。大型土壤动物蚯蚓和蜘蛛对重金属元素有强的富集能力,体现人的Ｃｄ,ＰｈＡｓ含量与土壤中Ｃｄ,Ｐｈ,Ａｓ含量叶明显地正相关,而蜈蚣对重金属的富集明显减弱。     

国产防污漆中铜的海洋环境风险评估

为有效控制防污漆中杀生物活性物质给海洋环境带来的不利影响,亟需开展活性物质的环境风险评估研究,为筛选环境友好型活性物质提供依据。以25种国产防污漆中的铜为评估对象,采用防污漆活性物质环境风险评估的针对性方法,分步进行暴露评估、危害性评估和风险表征。暴露评估采用海洋防污剂预测环境浓度模型(MAMPEC)中的港口、码头和开阔海域等典型暴露场景;危害性评估基于铜对淡水和海水水生生物的慢性毒性数据,采用物种敏感度分布法和评估因子法;风险表征采用熵值法。结果表明,铜对全部水生生物和海水生物的预测无效应浓度分别为2.8和2.3μg·L~(-1),藻类对铜最为敏感。除1种配方外,其余24种防污漆配方中铜的风险熵均小于1,可判定铜为"相对低风险"类活性物质,使用上述防污漆时铜对生态环境造成的风险较小。铜在不同暴露场景中的环境风险分析表明其对水流交换较弱海域的码头造成的风险最大,其次是默认港口和码头,对于公海造成的风险最小。根据现有的评估结果,设计含铜型防污漆配方时,应使铜的释放速率不大于33.5μg·cm~(-2)·d~(-1),以避免对较封闭海域的生态环境造成不可忽视的风险。     

A review on historical trajectories and spatially explicit scenarios of land-use and land-cover changes in China

ABSTRACT

Land use in China has changed remarkably over the past centuries with manifold implications for sustainable development. Investigation and projection of the land-use and land-cover changes (LUCC) have therefore become critical to promote the understanding of the LUCC process and the interactions with human societies. Scientists had devoted great efforts to create, process, and interpret comprehensive historical land-use/cover datasets, and to simulate future land-use systems under different scenarios. We synthesize the literature on the historical trajectories of LUCC in China, and summarize existing efforts of scenario developments for the projection of spatially explicit LUCC. Our review therefore provides salient suggestions for future land-use change analysis.     

略论自然资源的价值

本文首先论述了自然资源的含义,并系统归纳和总结了自然资源的主要特点;在此基础上,作者重点对自然资源的价值进行了讨论,明确了自然资源的价值包括经济价值、社会价值和生态价值,其表现形式是自然资源的商品价值和服务价值。科学地认识自然资源的“商品价值”和“服务价值”的统一,全面发挥自然资源的整体功能和作用,是科学保护和利用自然资源的基础。对自然资源进行科学估价,从而制定科学的利用和保护法律和策略,是我们在自然资源可持续管理时面临的十分重要的课题。     

人工湿地净化滇池入湖河道污水的示范工程研究

采用复合型人工湿地示范工程系统进行净化处理滇池入湖河道污水的研究,结果表明该系统对处理滇池入湖河道污水具有良好的适用性。在系统正常运行状态下,其对所处理河道污水中CODMn、BOD5、TN、TP的去除率分别最高可达6 7%、74 %、83%、6 5 %。     

新型高效全自动中水过滤塔

介绍了一种新型高效中水处理设备——全自动中水过滤塔,它在中水过滤材料、清污方式、消毒手段以及自动控制和易用性等方面有独特的创新性。     

夏季潮滩对上海老港垃圾填埋场渗滤液氮、磷净化效果研究

垃圾填埋产生的渗滤液造成的环境污染问题El益严重。采用自然湿地对垃圾渗滤液净化有诸多优点,而相关的研究较少。根据渗滤液的不同浓度和不同滞留时间的净化效果不同,采用实验室模拟和培养的方法来研究老港垃圾填埋场附近潮滩对垃圾渗滤液营养盐N、P的净化效果。研究发现：夏季老港中、低潮滩在较短滞留时间（6h）内对各浓度渗滤液中N、P的净化效果不明显,而在较长滞留时间内（96h）中、低潮滩对各浓度渗滤液净化效果明显,净化后污水中N、P含量可达到排放标准;垃圾渗滤液质量分数为5％时,潮滩对N、P的净化效果最为明显。     

湖泊营养状态的Hamming贴近度评价法

本文用线性内插构造湖泊富营养化评价参数的隶属函数,在此基础上应用Ham-ming 贴近度评价湖泊的营养状态。该方法用于全国23个湖泊的实例分析,并与其它营养化评价法的评价结果比较表明该方法评价结果合乎实际,隶属函数设计简单,计算方便,具有可比性。      

Spatiotemporal distribution and the characteristics of the air temperature of a river source region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

As the backland of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the river source region is highly sensitive to changes in global climate. Air temperature estimation using remote sensing satellite provides a new way of conducting studies in the field of climate change study. A geographically weighted regression model was applied to estimate synchronic air temperature from 2001 to 2015 using Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometry (MODIS) data. The results were R²?=?0.913 and RMSE?=?2.47 °C, which confirmed the feasibility of the estimation. The spatial distribution and variation characteristics of the average annual and seasonal air temperature were analyzed. The findings are as follows: (1) the distribution of average annual air temperature has significant terrain characteristics. The reduction in average annual air temperature along the elevation of the region is 0.19 °C/km, whereas the reduction in the average annual air temperature along the latitude is 0.04 °C/degree. (2) The average annual air temperature increase in the region is 0.37 °C/decade. The average air temperature increase could be arranged in the following decreasing order: Yangtze River Basin > Mekong River Basin > Nujiang River Basin > Yarlung Zangbo River Basin > Yellow River Basin. The fastest, namely, Yangtze River Basin, is 0.47 °C/decade. (3) The average air temperature rise in spring, summer, and winter generally increases with higher altitude. The average annual air temperature in different types of lands following a decreasing order is as follows: wetland > construction land > bare land glacier > shrub grassland > arable land > forest land > water body and that of the fastest one, wetland, is 0.13 °C/year.