多环芳烃污染土壤的生物泥浆法修复

通过小型泥浆反应器的运行,确定了生物泥浆法修复多环芳烃污染土壤的温度、水土比和通气量参数.采用2:1的水土比,控制温度、通气量分别为20℃～25℃,60L/h可以达到较好的修复效果.用从污染土壤中分离出的真菌在纯培养条件下对多环芳烃进行降解,经34d的培养,镰刀菌对芘和苯并蒽的降解率为90%和33.3%,毛霉可以分别降解81.5%和49.2%,青霉可以分别降解52%和46%.     

Effect of electric intensity on the microbial degradation of petroleum pollutants in soil

Electro-bioremediation is an innovative method to remedy organic-polluted soil. However, the principle of electrokinetic technology enhancing the function of microbes, especially the relationship of electric intensity and biodegradation efficiency, is poorly investigated. Petroleum was employed as a target organic pollutant at a level of 50 g/kg (mass of petroleum/mass of dry soil). A direct current power supply was used for tests with a constant direct current electric voltage (1.0 V/cm). The petroleum concentrations were measured at 3275–3285 nm after extraction using hexane, the group composition of crude oil was analyzed by column chromatography. The water content of soil was kept 25% (m/m). The results indicated the degradation process was divided into two periods: from day 1 to day 40, from day 41 to day 100. The treatment of soil with an appropriate electric field led the bacteria to have a persistent effect in the whole period of 100 days. The highest biodegradation efficiency of 45.5% was obtained after treatment with electric current and bacteria. The electric-bioremediation had a positive effect on alkane degradation. The degradation rate of alkane was 1.6 times higher in the soil exposed to electric current than that treated with bacteria for 100 days. A proper direct current could stimulate the microbial activities and accelerate the biodegradation of petroleum. There was a positive correlation between the electric intensities and the petroleum bioremediation efficiencies with a coefficient of 0.9599.     

电动-微生物修复对胶质结构的改变及毒性的削减

我国开采原油的稠油比重大、胶质含量高、环境风险突出,亟需解决石油污染土壤中胶质组分的解毒问题.由于胶质结构复杂、难以降解,所以对胶质结构变化的研究较少,其降解率也并不足以说明胶质污染土壤的修复效果,因此本文着重分析了修复过程中胶质结构与毒性的变化,为污染土壤修复体系提供重要指标.本文从辽河油田原油中提取胶质配制污染土,并加入构建的混合菌群.设计微生物修复(Bio)、电动-微生物修复(EK+Bio1)、电动-微生物补充营养修复(EK+Bio2)及间断电动-微生物修复(EK+Bio3)共4种处理.结果表明,胶质平均降解率EK+Bio2EK+Bio3EK+Bio1Bio,降解率最高为9.67%,为Bio处理的3.05倍(3.15%).元素分析结果表明,修复前后胶质平均化学式为C_(106)H_(157)N、C_(96)H_(174)N,碳氢比降低,不饱和度降低.光谱分析与~1H-核磁共振结果表明,修复后胶质碳链变短,芳香环、羧基与酚类结构数量减少.根据B-L法计算胶质芳碳率(f_A)由0.28减少到0.11,可推测胶质的结构模型.MicroResp~(TM)与小麦种子发芽实验结果表明,修复后土壤中微生物活性增强,小麦种子发芽率大大提高,说明结构的变化使胶质毒性降低.因此,电动-微生物修复使胶质结构发生变化,并在一定程度上有效削减了胶质毒性,较好的对胶质污染土壤进行了修复.     

两种除草剂对蚯蚓的急性毒性及氧化胁迫效应

为评价两种常用除草剂草甘膦和精喹禾灵对土壤动物的影响,以赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)为受试生物,采用滤纸接触法和人工土壤法测定了两种除草剂的急性毒性效应。并通过人工土壤染毒法研究了两种除草剂对蚯蚓体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明,滤纸法染毒48 h,草甘膦和精喹禾灵对蚯蚓为低毒级,其LC50值分别为546.4和638.7μg·cm-2;人工土壤法染毒14 d,草甘膦和精喹禾灵对蚯蚓的LC50值分别为321.4和392.3 mg·kg-1,属低毒级。氧化胁迫试验结果表明,较低浓度草甘膦(≤4 mg·kg-1)和精喹禾灵(≤10 mg·kg-1)对蚯蚓体内抗氧化酶活性影响不显著,而40和80 mg·kg-1草甘膦在暴露7 d内对SOD、CAT和POD活性影响显著,表现为SOD活性显著提高,CAT和POD活性分别呈现降低-提高和提高-降低的变化趋势。暴露7 d内,100 mg·kg-1精喹禾灵对蚯蚓SOD活性表现为先刺激后抑制的变化趋势,CAT和POD活性显著提高。和对照相比,草甘膦污染土壤中蚯蚓体内MDA含量变化不显著,而高浓度精喹禾灵(100 mg·kg-1)污染土壤中,第7和14天时蚯蚓体内MDA含量显著提高。暴露14 d后,草甘膦和精喹禾灵对蚯蚓的氧化胁迫基本消失,说明供试浓度范围内草甘膦和精喹禾灵不会对蚯蚓造成严重的氧化损伤。与急性毒性结果相比,氧化胁迫效应更为敏感,可作为该两种除草剂对土壤生态影响早期预警中的生物标志物。     

污灌区重金属污染对土壤的危害

由于土壤中重金属元素的含量对人体健康影响很大,淮阴市环境监测中心站于１９９３年至１９９７年造反某污灌区中０．６６７ｈｍ＾２的蔬菜田及其邻近的某一地下水灌区中０．６６７ｈｍ＾２的蔬菜田按梅花布点法分别布设８个测点,对其土壤中的总镉、总汞、总砷、总铬和总锅进行监测。结果表明,地下水藻区５年来综合污染指数变化不大,污染等级属安全级,说明该灌区没有受到重金属污染,而污灌区的综合污染指数逐年增高,１９９５年     

压装高聚物粘结炸药湿法筛分的研究

针对高聚物粘结炸药的粒度分级 ,研究了一种以水为介质而具有本质安全性的筛分方法 ;根据界面化学原理采用添加润湿剂和消泡剂的技术使筛分工艺进一步完善。数种配方的应用表明 ,该法不仅具有安全、高效的特点 ,而且有利于提高产品的使用性能和安全性     

Effects of reducing agent and approaching anodes on chromium removal in electrokinetic soil remediation

A soil remediation method combining in situ reduction of Cr(VI) with approaching anodes electrokinetic (AAs-EK) remediation is proposed. EK experiments were conducted to compare the effect of approaching anodes (AAs) and fixed electrodes (FEs) with and without sodium bisulfite (NaHSO₃) as a reducing agent. When NaHSO₃ was added to the soil before EK treatment, 90.3% of the Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr(III). EK experiments showed that the adverse effect of contrasting migration of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) species, which limits the practical application of this technique, was eliminated in the presence of the reducing agent. Furthermore, Tessier fractionation analysis indicated that the reducing agent changed the distribution of the chemical forms of Cr. The AAs-EK method was shown to acidize the soil as the anode moved toward the cathode and this acid front pushed the “focusing” region toward the cathode. After remediation, the pH of the soil was between 1.8 and 5.0 in AAs-EK experiments. The total Cr removal efficiency was 64.4% (except in the “focusing” region) when the reduction reaction was combined with AAs-EK method. We conclude that AAs-EK remediation in the presence of NaHSO₃ is an appropriate method for Cr-contaminated soil.     

Enhanced electrokinetic remediation of chromium-contaminated soil using approaching anodes

As a new technology used for the cleaning of chromium-contaminated soil, worldwide interest in eletrokinetic (EK) remediation has grown considerably in recent times. However, owing to the fact that chromium exists as both cationic and anionic species in the soil, it is not an efficient method. This paper reports upon a study in which a process using approaching anodes (AAs) was used to enhance the removal efficiency of chromium by eletrokinetics. Two bench-scale experiments to remove chromium from contaminated soil were performed, one using a fixed anode (FA) and the other using AAs. In the AAs experiment, the anode moved toward the cathode by 7 cm every three days. After remediation, soil pH, total chromium, and fractionation of chromium in the soil were determined. The average removal efficiency of total chromium was 11.32% and 18.96% in the FA and AAs experiments, respectively. After remediation, acidic soil conditions throughout the soil were generated through the use of AAs, while 80% of the soil remained neutral or alkalic when using the FA approach. The acidic soil environment and high field intensity in the AAs experiment might have favored chromium desorption, dissolution and dissociation from the soil, plus the mobility of chromium in the soil was also enhanced. The results demonstrate that AAs used in the process of EK remediation can enhance the efficiency of chromium removal from soil.     

氨与脉冲电晕等离子体脱除SO_2的协同效应

为了揭示氨与等离子体脱除ＳＯ２的协同效应，对比了脉冲电晕等离子体在氨气注入前后ＳＯ２脱除率的变化。实验结果表明，脉冲电晕等离子体单独作用时，ＳＯ２脱除率仅为９％～１５％，而氨与脉冲电晕等离子体共同作用时，ＳＯ２脱除率可达９０％以上（ｆ＝１．０）．并从化学热力学角度探讨了氨与脉冲电晕的协同效应能显著提高ＳＯ２脱除率的原因，还考察了氧含量、温度对协同效应的影响     

稠油乳化段废水厌氧处理过程中COD与BOD5的协同变化及可生化性研究

稠油乳化段废水中的主要污染物为有机聚合物和石油类污染物，BOD5／COD值极低，可生化性差，通过厌氧处理可使污染物发生水解反应，BOD5／COD值由0．08升为0．15（288h)，与其它难降解有机废水的厌处理结果不同，在BOD5增加的同时，COD亦大幅度增加，而在全部厌氧反应过程中，TOC一直呈下降趋势，表明水样中的污染物在生物作用下不断得到消减；在COD达到最高时，石油类污染物中胶质的浓度大幅度降低，烷烃的浓度升高，说明以胶质为代表的大分子污染物因子解反应，由K2Cr2O7不能氧化状态变为可氧化状态，导致COD测量值显著升高。