用电厂粉煤灰试制枸溶性磷肥的研究

本文对用粉煤灰制肥料的可行性进行了研究,选用磷矿石、助熔剂,添加剂和粉煤灰以适当的比例混合后熔融,使混合物料中的非枸溶性成分转化成能被植物吸收的枸溶性成分。经上百次熔融实验,对物料的配比及工艺条件进行筛选,确定出最佳配料参数和工艺操作条件。所研制肥料的吃灰量可达40％,并具有复合肥的作用和较好的肥效。     

复合催化电解法处理染料工业废水

采用复合催化电解法对染料工业废水的处理进行了研究,并获得相应的工艺参数。试验结果表明,复合催化电解法能有效地处理染料工业废水,在电解电压10V、电流0.1A、电解时间1.5h的条件下,催化电解能使废水COD_Cr去除率达到87.5％～90％,脱色率达99％～100％。复合催化电解法具有操作简便、能耗较低等特点,是处理染料工业废水的一条新途径     

Characterization of ambient ozone and its precursors around a coking plant

The local-scale relationship between ambient ozone (O₃) and its precursors was examined around a coking plant in northern China. The upwind, plant boundary, and downwind locations were selected for investigation during the summer and autumn seasons in 2012. It was found that propene, toluene, and benzene were the top three non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) species for O₃ formation at plant boundary, while propene, toluene, and m/p-xylene were the top three NMHC species at downwind location. Isoprene was the dominant species for O₃ formation at upwind location. It was also found that an O₃ depressing process occurred at plant boundary as a result of high NO emissions. Both local photochemistry and transport led to O₃ accumulation at the downwind locations. The variation of NMHC concentration during O₃ polluted and non-polluted episodes was investigated, and it indicated that NMHC concentration was higher during non-polluted episodes than polluted episodes. The impacts of precursors on O₃ formation under different meteorological conditions were also examined.     

Effect of wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) on fine particle (PM2.5) emission from coal-fired boilers

In this study, the characteristics of fine particles before and after wet flue gas desulfurization(WFGD) in three coal-fired heating boilers in northern China were investigated by using a dilution-based emission sampling experimental system. The influences of the WFGD process on the mass and number concentrations as well as the chemical composition of fine particles were analyzed. The removal efficiency of desulfurization processes on particulate matter mass was 30.06%–56.25% for the three study units. The WFGD had a great influence on the size distributions of particle mass concentration and number concentration. A significant increase in the number and mass concentration of particles in the size range of 0.094–0.946 μm was observed. The watersoluble ion content accounted for a very large proportion of PM_(2.5) mass, and its proportion in PM_(2.5) increased from 28.39%–41.08% to 48.96%–61.21% after the WFGD process for the three units. The desulfurizing process also drastically increased the proportion of cation component(Ca~(2+) for unit A, Mg~(2+) for unit B, and Na+for unit C) and the proportion of SO_4~(2-) in PM_(2.5), and it increased the CE/AE values of PM_(2.5) from 0.82–0.98 to 0.93–1.27 for the three study units.     

邯郸市大气污染源排放清单建立及总量校验

邯郸作为"2+26"城市主要的重工业城市之一,位于京津冀南北传输通道的核心位置,在京津冀地区大气污染协同调控中处于重要地位.为改善当地空气质量,以邯郸市为研究对象,基于拉网式调查获取详细活动水平数据,结合相关排放因子,得到2016年邯郸市大气污染源排放清单;采用WRF-CMAQ（气象-空气质量）数值模型,模拟了2016年典型季节代表月（1月、4月、7月、10月）的空气质量,验证了数值模型的准确性;最后基于总量校验方法,反向估算了邯郸市典型污染物的排放总量,对初始大气污染源排放清单进行校验.结果表明:①2016年邯郸市SO₂、NO_x、TSP、PM₁₀、PM_2.5、CO、VOCs、NH₃的总排放量分别为78 533、183 126、497 466、258 940、124 637、3 735 355、200 309、187 299 t.②工业源是SO₂、NO_x、PM_2.5、CO和VOCs的主要排放源,分别占总排放量的74.5%、54.5%、30.6%、76.7%和28.1%;无组织扬尘源对TSP、PM₁₀、PM_2.5的贡献较大,分别占总排放量的58.5%、43.6%、30.3%;NH₃的主要排放源为农畜氨及人体和其他氨,二者排放的NH₃占总排放量的96.9%.③总量模型估算得到邯郸市PM_2.5、SO₂、NO₂年排放量分别为152 739、79 405、206 549 t;对比分析校验前、后典型污染物排放发现,校验前的大气污染源排放清单可能低估了PM_2.5和NO_x的排放量.研究显示,邯郸市污染物排放量较大,工业源为主要排放源,建议相关部门加强对工业源的管控力度.      

夏秋季节焦化厂附近大气中臭氧及其前体物变化特征和臭氧生成潜势分析

2012年6—10月,在我国北方某焦化厂厂界附近开展了O3、NO x、CO体积分数在线监测及VOCs样品采集分析工作,获得了夏、秋两季焦化厂厂界O3及其前体物的体积分数及其日变化趋势。焦化厂厂界附近O3、NO、CO体积分数均呈单峰型日变化,O3体积分数的季节差异不明显,夏季仅略高于秋季,而NO、CO体积分数秋季高于夏季,作为二次反应产物的NO2,其变化幅度秋季比夏季强烈。夏季TVOCs在各监测时段的小时体积分数呈现先上升后下降的日变化趋势,而秋季则呈现逐渐下降的日变化趋势。由较小VOCs/NO x的比值可初步判断,该焦化厂所在区域的大气光化学臭氧生成潜势处于VOCs控制区。在焦化厂下风向厂界附近,夏、秋两季TVOCs平均体积分数分别为(43.8±45.0)×10-9和(26.7±29.6)×10-9,苯系物、烷烃、烯烃的平均体积分数分别为(34.3±28.1)×10-9和(14.4±14.8)×10-9、(5.3±11.8)×10-9和(7.0±7.7)×10-9、(4.3±5.0)×10-9和(5.3±7.1)×10-9。夏、秋两季焦化厂附近臭氧生成潜势贡献最大的是苯系物(47.6%~65.8%),其次是烯烃(28.0%~41.9%),再次是烷烃(6.3%~10.5%)。     

节能是改善环境质量的主要措施之一

本文论述了我国和世界主要国家的能源利用现状和发展趋势，分析了我国能耗高、浪费严重的主要原因，提出了节能降耗和发展新能源是防治环境污染、避免资源浪费的两大途径。概括地阐述了改进工艺和动力装置、发挥集中供热、利用废余热发电和实现热电联产、改变能源结构、发展新能源等是节能降耗、改善环境的重要措施。     

京津冀地区典型城市大气细颗粒物碳质组分污染特征及来源

为研究京津冀地区典型城市大气细颗粒物及其碳质组分的时空变化特征及来源,于2016年12月28日—2017年1月22日及2017年7月1—26日,对北京市与石家庄市PM_2.5（细颗粒物）及PM₁（亚微米颗粒物）进行采集,使用DRI（热光碳分析仪）检测PM_2.5与PM₁中ρ（OC）与ρ（EC）,并对其碳质组分来源进行分析.结果表明:①采样期间,冬、夏两季PM_2.5与PM₁中ρ（OC）均为石家庄市采样点远高于北京市采样点;冬季PM_2.5与PM₁中ρ（EC）均为石家庄市采样点高于北京市采样点,夏季则略有不同.②冬季污染日,北京市采样点ρ（PM_2.5）与ρ（PM₁）均为石家庄市采样点的1.08倍,PM_2.5与PM₁中的ρ（OC）分别为石家庄市采样点的1.14和1.12倍,石家庄市采样点PM_2.5与PM₁中ρ（EC）分别为北京市采样点的1.15和1.28倍;冬季重污染日,北京市采样点的ρ（PM_2.5）与ρ（PM₁）分别为石家庄市采样点的1.03和1.04倍,PM_2.5和PM₁中的ρ（OC）分别为石家庄市采样点的1.23和1.22倍,石家庄市采样点PM_2.5和PM₁中的ρ（EC）分别为北京市采样点的1.03和1.16倍.夏季污染日,石家庄市采样点ρ（PM_2.5）与ρ（PM₁）分别为北京市采样点的1.16和1.30倍,PM_2.5与PM₁中ρ（OC）分别为北京市采样点的1.64和2.71倍,两个采样点ρ（EC）相近.③冬、夏两季PM_2.5与PM₁中ρ（SOC）/ρ（OC）均较高,冬季北京市采样点分别为48.09%和54.29%,石家庄市采样点分别为44.98%和48.09%,夏季北京市采样点分别为48.47%和61.50%,石家庄市采样点分别为61.52%和63.55%,表明SOC更易富集于亚微米粒子中.④冬季北京市和石家庄市两个采样点PM_2.5与PM₁中碳质组分均主要来源于生物质燃烧、燃煤和机动车尾气;夏季北京市采样点PM_2.5与PM₁中碳质组分主要来源于机动车尾气,石家庄市采样点PM_2.5与PM₁中碳质组分主要来源于燃煤和机动车尾气.研究显示,北京市和石家庄市两个采样点大气细颗粒物及其碳质组分浓度存在时空分布和污染来源差异.      

Trends of chemical speciation profiles of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds emissions in China, 2005–2020

This study estimates the detailed chemical profiles of China＇s anthropogenic volatile organic com- pounds （VOCs） emissions for the period of 2005-2020. The chemical profiles of VOCs for seven activity sectors are calculated, based on which the Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential （POCP） of VOCs for these sectors is evaluated. At the national level, the VOCs species emitted in 2005 include alkanes, alkenes and alkynes, aromatic compounds, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, esters, ethers and halocarbons, accounting for 26.4wt.%, 29.2wt.%, 21.3 wt.%, 4.7 wt.%, 5.4 wt.%, 1.7 wt.%, 2.1 wt.%, 0.7 wt. % and 2.2wt.% of total emissions, respectively. And during 2005-2020, their mass proportions would respec- tively grow or decrease by - 34.7%, -48.6%, 108.5%, 6.9%, -32.7%, 7.3%, 65.3%, 100.5%, and 55.4%. This change would bring about a 13% reduction of POCP for national VOCs emissions in the future. Thus, although the national VOCs emissions are expected to increase by 33% over the whole period, its ozone formation potential is estimated to rise only by 14%. Large discrepancies are found in VOCs speciation emissions among provinces. Compared to western provinces, the eastern provinces with a more developed economy would emit unsaturated hydrocarbons and benzene with lower mix ratios, and aromatic compounds except benzene, oxidized hydrocar- bons and halocarbons with higher mix ratios. Such differences lead to lower POCP of VOCs emitted in eastern provinces, and higher POCP of VOCs emitted in western provinces. However, due to the large VOCs emissions from Chinese eastern region, the ozone forma- tion potential of VOCs emission in eastern provinces would be much higher than those in western provinces by about 156%-235%.     

Source apportionment of PM2.5 in Tangshan,China—Hybrid approaches for primary and secondary species apportionment

The new hybrid approaches for the source apportionment of PM_2.5 were proposed. The hybrid approach can be used for source apportionment of secondary species. The metallurgy industry was the biggest contribution source to PM_2.5 of Tangshan. In winter, the contribution from the coal-fired boilers was the largest one. The objective of this paper is to propose a hybrid approach for the source apportionment of primary and secondary species of PM_2.5 in the city of Tangshan. The receptor-based PMF (Positive Matrix Factorization) is integrated with the emission inventory (EI) to form the first hybrid method for the source apportionment of the primary species. The hybrid CAMx-PSAT-CP (Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions – Particulate Source Apportionment Technology – Chemical Profile) approach is then proposed and used for the source apportionment of the secondary species. The PM_2.5 sources identified for Tangshan included the soil dust, the metallurgical industry, power plants, coal-fired boilers, vehicles, cement production, and other sources. It is indicated that the PM_2.5 pollution is a regional issue. Among all the identified sources, the metallurgy industry was the biggest contribution source to PM_2.5, followed by coal-fired boilers, vehicles and soil dust. The other-source category plays a crucial role for PM_2.5, particularly for the formation of secondary species and aerosols, and these other sources include non-specified sources such as agricultural activities, biomass combustion, residential emissions, etc. The source apportionment results could help the local authorities make sound policies and regulations to better protect the citizens from the local and regional PM_2.5 pollution. The study also highlights the strength of utilizing the proposed hybrid approaches in the identification of PM_2.5 sources. The techniques used in this study show considerable promise for further application to other regions as well as to identify other source categories of PM_2.5.