悬浮法氯乙烯聚合工艺的风险分析及安全技术

悬浮法聚合氯乙烯生产过程的主要风险是氯乙烯的"暴聚"事故和氯乙烯泄漏事故.聚合反应散热不足,温度过高导致"暴聚"事故.易燃易爆有毒的氯乙烯泄漏可能引发氯乙烯蒸汽云爆炸和火球(BLEVE)事故.以某PVC化工厂氯乙烯聚合釜生产为例,定量计算氯乙烯小孔泄漏量、蒸汽云及BLEVE火球的事故伤害与破坏后果.提出避免导致"暴聚"事故3种安全技术措施:良好的聚合釜反应散热降温;足够的搅拌强度和防止"粘釜"等.防止引发氯乙烯泄漏的3种途径为反应釜轴封、超压泄压时跑料和压力容器及管道的防泄漏技术.     

AB法在虹桥污水处理厂的应用

乌鲁木齐虹桥污水处理厂采用AB活性污泥工艺,设计处理污水3×104m3/d,介绍了虹桥污水处理厂的工艺流程、设计参数、主要处理构筑物、运行状况、影响因素,并对AB活性污泥法的发展运行状况进行了分析和探讨。     

余氯对再生水中铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)的生长抑制作用

以北京市污水处理厂二级出水为对象,考察了余氯对再生水中铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)生长的影响.实验表明,0.2 mg·l~(-1)以上的余氯对铜绿微囊藻的生长有明显抑制效果,抑制率在培养第2天达60%-80%,第8天达99%,抑制效果持续60d.再生水中的氨氮浓度越高,余氯对铜绿微囊藻的抑制效果越差.氯的不同形态对铜绿微囊藻的生长抑制效果不同,氯对铜绿微囊藻的抑制效果优于氯胺.     

废钢渣粉渣湿法脱硫工艺实验研究

以马钢三钢渣厂钢渣为吸收剂,进行了钢渣湿法烟气脱硫工艺的实验研究。通过分析钢渣的组成成分及反应机理,研究了液气比L/G、浆液浓度μ、pH值等主要参数对钢渣湿法脱硫率η的影响。实验结果显示,通过合理的设计和适当的操作,可使钢渣湿法脱硫效率达60%以上,具有一定的应用价值。     

生物样品中氯苯类化合物的提取和测定

以水草和鱼样品为研究对象,采用超声波法提取生物样品中的氯苯类化合物(CBS)并用气相色谱进行定性和定量分析.结果表明:用超声波提取生物样品中CBS的最佳提取溶剂为正己烷,功率为25W,提取时间为20 min.植物和动物样品中CBS的提取方法稍有不同.在最佳提取条件下,鱼样中的平均加标回收率为75.2%～91.6%,水草中的平均加标回收率为88.2%～94.3%.另外,要根据污染物的检出限,确定生物样品中污染物提取的浓缩倍数.结论:用超声波法提取生物样品中的CBs的方法是可行的.     

Relationships of nitrous oxide fluxes with water quality parameters in free water surface constructed wetlands

The effects of chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration in the influent on nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, together with the relationships between N₂O and water quality parameters in free water surface constructed wetlands, were investigated with laboratoryscale systems. N₂O emission and purification performance of wastewater were very strongly dependent on COD concentration in the influent, and the total N₂O emission in the system with middle COD influent concentration was the least. The relationships between N₂O and the chemical and physical water quality variables were studied by using principal component scores in multiple linear regression analysis to predict N₂O flux. The multiple linear regression model against principal components indicated that different water parameters affected N₂O flux with different COD concentrations in the influent, but nitrate nitrogen affected N₂O flux in all systems.     

生态系统健康分析指标体系构建

以生态学理论为基础,基于压力-状态-响应结构模型建立生态系统健康分析指标体系,首次引入水资源密度和空气污染指数两个指标,采用层次分析法确定各单因子指标权重,并用加权叠加法对生态系统健康进行综合分析。以网格作为基本分析单元,运用RS&GIS技术及统计学方法,建立系统化定量化的方法体系。并以山西省为案例,对其进行分析评价,为山西省生态环境保护提供科学依据。     

基于互相关算法的人员密集场所人群运动速度特征研究

研究人群密集场所的人群运动速度特征可以预测人群的运动趋势,在大型活动组织过程中可以对异常人群运动做出预警,避免过度的拥挤及踩踏事件的发生,保证大型群体性活动的安全顺利开展。利用国内某重要城市核心区公共场所人群运动的视频图像,通过互相关算法提取该场所人群的运动速度,并进一步比较通往景区的四条不同路径上人群运动速度的差异性,分析其人群运动特征。分析结果表明单向通道的人群运动速度较大且运动方向基本与通道的两侧边界平行,而双向通道中由于人群中阻尼效应的影响,人群运动速度的大小和方向都发生了不同程度的改变。分析结果可为核心区管理者进行大型群体性活动的组织、人群疏散与引导提供建议,进而为人群拥挤踩踏事故风险防控、拥挤踩踏事故专项应急预案制定及人群聚集活动安全方案编制提供理论支持。     

Effects of Al3+ on pollutant removal and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) under anaerobic,anoxic and oxic conditions

The highest removal efficiencies of COD and TN were achieved under 10 mg/L of Al³⁺. The highest TP removal efficiency occurred under 30 mg/L of Al³⁺. EPS, PS and PN concentrations increased with the addition of Al³⁺. Sludge properties significantly changed with the addition of Al³⁺. Aluminum ions produced by aluminum mining, electrolytic industry and aluminum-based coagulants can enter wastewater treatment plants and interact with activated sludge. They can subsequently contribute to the removal of suspended solids and affect activated sludge flocculation, as well as nitrogen and phosphorus removal. In this study, the effects of Al³⁺ on pollutant removal, sludge flocculation and the composition and structure of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were investigated under anaerobic, anoxic and oxic conditions. Results demonstrated that the highest chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiencies were detected for an Al³⁺ concentration of 10 mg/L. In addition, the maximal dehydrogenase activity and sludge flocculation were also observed at this level of Al³⁺. The highest removal efficiency of total phosphorus (TP) was achieved at an Al³⁺ concentration of 30 mg/L. The flocculability of sludge in the anoxic zone was consistently higher than that in the anaerobic and oxic zones. The addition of Al³⁺ promoted the secretion of EPS. Tryptophan-like fluorescence peaks were detected in each EPS layer in the absence of Al³⁺. At the Al³⁺ concentration of 10 mg/L, fulvic acid and tryptophan fluorescence peaks began to appear, while the majority of protein species and the highest microbial activity were also detected. Low Al³⁺ concentrations (<10 mg/L) could promote the removal efficiencies of COD and TN, yet excessive Al³⁺ levels (>10 mg/L) weakened microbial activity. Higher Al³⁺ concentrations (>30 mg/L) also inhibited the release of phosphorus in the anaerobic zone by reacting with PO₄^3-.     

烟草对砷的吸收累积特征及其健康风险研究

以福建省主栽烟草品种翠碧1号、K326和云烟87为材料,在外源砷添加量为0、10、20、40、70和100 mg·kg~(-1)的土壤中进行盆栽试验,探讨砷对烟草的毒害效应以及砷在土壤-烟草体系中的迁移累积特征,并对植烟土壤中砷的安全临界值进行计算。结果表明,在砷毒害下,烟草生长受到抑制,且烟草根系生长受抑制程度最强。随着砷添加量的增加,土壤中有效砷含量和烟草各部位砷含量均显著提高(P 0.05),砷在根系中的含量最高,在茎中的含量最低。砷处理下各部位间的转移系数表现为TF_((茎-叶)) TF_((土-根)) TF_((根-茎)),且外源砷的增加促进砷从茎到叶片中转移。38.28%～74.37%的砷富集在烟草根部,上部叶中砷的富集量最少(4.61%～11.7%),且所研究的3个烟草品种中翠碧1号对砷的富集能力最强。根据通过吸烟进入人体砷的限量以及土壤有效砷含量与烟草中部叶砷含量的回归模型,推算出翠碧1号、K326和云烟87的植烟土壤有效砷的安全临界值分别为14.17、14.31和11.86 mg·kg~(-1)(磷酸二氢钠浸提)。并将福建省植烟土壤有效砷的安全临界值拟定为11.86 mg·kg~(-1)(磷酸二氢钠浸提)。本研究结果为福建省烟草安全生产提供一定技术指导。