Investigation of the effects of humic acid and H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>2</Subscript> on the photocatalytic degradation of atrazine assisted by microwave

A solution of atrazine in a TiO₂ suspension, an endocrine disruptor in natural water, was tentatively treated by microwave-assisted photocatalytic technique. The effects of mannitol, oxygen, humic acid, and hydrogen dioxide on the photodegradation rate were explored. The results could be deduced as follows: the photocatalytic degradation of atrazine fits the pseudo-first-order kinetic well with k = 0.0328 s^?1, and ·OH was identified as the dominant reactant. Photodegradation of atrazine was hindered in the presence of humic acid, and the retardation effect increased as the concentration of humic acid increased. H₂O₂ displayed a significant negative influence on atrazine photocatalysis efficiency. Based on intermediates identified with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) techniques, the main degradation routes of atrazine are proposed.     

近20年来黑河干流中游地区土地利用/覆被变化及驱动力定量研究

黑河干流水量统一调度实施后(即2000年以后),流域干流中游地区用水量在时空上进一步受到限制。为此,研究黑河干流中游地区土地利用/覆被变化过程及其驱动力,尤其是黑河水量统一调度以来的生态环境问题,对研究区可持续发展具有重要意义。研究表明:①研究区土地利用发生了较大变化,1985-2000年,耕地、林地、城乡工矿居民用地逐渐增加,而草地、水域、未利用土地不断减少,2000-2005年耕地、城乡工矿居民用地逐渐增加,而草地、林地、水域、未利用土地不断减少;②黑河流域干流水量统一调配以来,一方面研究区可用水量进一步减少,另一方面研究区耕地短时间增加较快,研究区生态环境有退化的迹象,草地、林地、水域面积呈现减少趋势,变化率分别为2.14%、7.36%和3.69%;③1985-2000年土地利用类型主要呈现耕地和城乡工矿居民用地、耕地和未利用土地之间的相互转换,草地转为耕地,2000-2005年,土地利用类型主要呈现未利用土地转为耕地,草地和耕地之间相互转换;④土地利用程度变化存在明显的区域差异,以甘州区变化最大;⑤研究区土地利用/覆被变化的主要驱动力为社会经济因子,包括人口增长、经济社会发展等,2000年黑河流域水量统一调配以后,中游可利用水量的约束直接影响着研究区的土地利用变化。     

丘陵山区耕作层覆土需求优先度评价研究——以福建省光泽县为例

论文基于GIS技术,采用层次分析法从土壤构型、交通便捷情况、地块立地条件和地块理化条件4个方面构建了丘陵山区耕地耕作层覆土需求优先度的评价指标体系,利用改进的特尔斐法确定其权重,建立了评价模型,并以福建省光泽县为例进行了评价。结果表明：① I级优先区面积占5.2%,该区54%的面积是质量较差的规划开发补充耕地,其余是质量较差而基础条件较好的现有低产水田,对其实施覆土工程成本较低、综合效益较高,属于优先覆土区;② II级优先区占49.1%,该区耕作层覆土效益仅次于I级区,属于备选覆土区;③ III级和IV级区占45.7%,暂可不安排覆土工程。评价结果较好地反映了光泽县的实际情况,将为该区移土培肥专项规划编制以及耕地保护工程实践提供科学依据。     

基于农户生计的乡村能源消费模式研究——以陕南金丝峡乡村旅游地为例

为探讨乡村旅游发展对农户生计转型及能源消费模式产生的影响,论文借鉴可持续生计理论,以陕南金丝峡乡村旅游地为例,通过入户调查与访谈,构建能源消费-生计多样性模型对农户分类,基于用能多样性矩阵与效益评估法,分析不同生计类型农户用能结构及其综合效益,继而依据灰色关联分析,识别影响农户能源消费的主要生计资本因子,并总结农户能源消费模式转变的驱动机制.结果表明:① 参与旅游经营与不参与旅游经营的两大类农户中,农户用能多样性水平随生计多样性水平的提高而上升;② 与非旅游经营户相比,旅游经营户商品能源消费大幅增加,新型能源迅速推广,传统能源消费有所降低,能源消费模式向优质化和商品化发展;③ 不同类型农户用能综合效益差异明显,旅游经营户用能综合效益(16.96 元/kgce)明显大于非旅游经营户(13.53 元/kgce),表明旅游经营户从能源消费中获益更多;④ 促使农户能源消费模式变化的主要影响因素是物质、人力和金融三大生计资本.乡村旅游业发展带来了农户生计资本与策略的变化,并成为农户能源消费模式转变的重要驱动力,最后为进一步改善环境政策和优化能源利用,提出了相应的对策和建议.     

广州市学龄儿童在校期间PM2.5暴露水平评价

采用便携式大气颗粒物采样器(MiniVol)和便携式颗粒物检测仪(pDR-1500)在2010年3月底至4月初对广州市某小学的室内外细颗粒物(PM2.5)浓度进行了监测,并对学龄儿童在校期间活动模式进行了跟踪调查,评价了学龄儿童在校期间PM2.5暴露水平.结果显示该小学室内外日均PM2.5浓度范围为25.1~145.9μg/m3,室内PM2.5浓度略低于室外,两者呈明显的正相关关系(R2=0.65);室内实时PM2.5浓度结果表明非假期与假期存在差异.使用离子色谱分析了PM2.5的阴离子成分,其中NO3-和SO42-占阴离子成分总量的73%~95%.研究显示道路交通源是采样地点PM2.5主要来源之一.学龄儿童在校期间单位体重PM2.5日均潜在暴露水平为7.6μg/(kg×d),个体日均潜在暴露水平为246.8μg/d.     

利用TM图像逐级分类提取非点源信息

探讨了运用逐级分类从TM图像中提取与非点源污染有关的土地利用信息的方法.研究表明,逐级分类与一般的最大似然度分类相比效果更佳,具有简化复杂问题、突出研究重点和方法灵活等优点,能够快速有效地提取所需要的信息.     

紊动对水体中有机物降解影响的实验

利用专门设计的紊动诱发装置,对不同紊动强度水体进行了紊动对有机物生物降解影响的实验研究．通过３种不同紊动强度的实验,发现紊动对有机物的降解有明显的影响紊动强度越大,有机物的降解率和降解速度越大．通过对较高紊动强度水体的降解实验数据分析发现,在水体有紊动时,有机物的降解反应并不遵循一级反应动力学。     

Space industrialization

Environmental Chemistry Letters -     

Evaluation of 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives as antibacterial agents: activity and mechanistic studies

● All 1,4-naphthoquinone hybrids exhibited significant antimicrobial activity. ● Presence of a hydroxyl group on aromatic B-ring of juglone was crucial for activity. ● Juglone can cause DNA damage by producing ROS and downregulation of RecA. ● Juglone has the potential to become a disinfectant. The diverse and large-scale application of disinfectants posed potential health risks and caused ecological damage during the 2019-nCoV pandemic, thereby increasing the demands for the development of disinfectants based on natural products, with low health risks and low aquatic toxicity. In the present study, a few natural naphthoquinones and their derivatives bearing the 1,4-naphthoquinone skeleton were synthesized, and their antibacterial activity against selected bacterial strains was evaluated. In vitro antibacterial activities of the compounds were investigated against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Under the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ≤ 0.125 μmol/L for juglone (1a), 5,8-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (1f), and 7-methyl-5-acetoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (3c), a strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus was observed. All 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives exhibited a strong antibacterial activity, with MIC values ranging between 15.625 and 500 μmol/L and EC₅₀ values ranging between 10.56 and 248.42 μmol/L. Most of the synthesized compounds exhibited strong antibacterial activities against S. aureus. Among these compounds, juglone (1a) showed the strongest antibacterial activity. The results from mechanistic investigations indicated that juglone, a natural naphthoquinone, caused cell death by inducing reactive oxygen species production in bacterial cells, leading to DNA damage. In addition, juglone could reduce the self-repair ability of bacterial DNA by inhibiting RecA expression. In addition to having a potent antibacterial activity, juglone exhibited low cytotoxicity in cell-based investigations. In conclusion, juglone is a strong antibacterial agent with low toxicity, indicating that its application as a bactericidal agent may be associated with low health risks and aquatic toxicity.     

Enhancement of extracellular Cr(VI) reduction for anammox recovery using hydrazine: performance,pathways, and mechanism

● N₂H₄ addition enhanced and recovered anammox performance under Cr(VI) stress. ● N₂H₄ accelerated electron transfer of Cr(VI) reduction for detoxification. ● N₂H₄ enhanced anammox metabolism for activity recovery from Cr(VI) inhibition. ● Extracellular Cr(VI) reduction to less toxic Cr(III) was the dominant mechanism. The hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) would frequently impose inhibition to anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process, hindering the efficiency of nitrogen removal in wastewater treatment. Hydrazine (N₂H₄), which is an intermediate product of anammox, participates in intracellular metabolism and extracellular Cr(VI) reduction. However, the roles of N₂H₄-induced intracellular metabolism and extracellular reduction in nitrogen removal under Cr(VI) stress remain unclear. The addition of 3.67 mg/L of N₂H₄ increased the anammox activity by 17%. As an intermediate, N₂H₄ enhanced anammox metabolism by increasing the heme c content and electron transfer system activity. As a reductant, N₂H₄ accelerated the reduction of c-Cyts-mediated extracellular Cr(VI) to the less toxic Cr(III). Extracellular Cr(III) accounts for 74% of the total Cr in a Cr(VI)-stressed anammox consortia. These findings highlight that N₂H₄-induced extracellular Cr(VI) reduction is the dominant mechanism for the survival of anammox consortia. We also found that N₂H₄ increased the production of extracellular polymeric substances to sequester excessive Cr(VI) and produced Cr(III). Taken together, the study findings suggest a potential strategy for enhancing nitrogen removal from ammonium-rich wastewater contaminated with Cr(VI).