新标准下环境空气质量监控网络完善实践 ——以珠三角地区佛山市为例

介绍珠三角及佛山市新标准监测网络结构,从拓宽网络有效覆盖范围、提升网络对污染研究的支撑能力、以及巩固数据实时发布工作基础等多角度分析了网络完善需求,提出了下一阶段网络建设的重点措施建议,并介绍了佛山市目前计划进行的网络完善工作。     

异烟酸-巴比妥酸分光光度法测定水中总氰化物的探讨

对异烟酸-巴比妥酸分光光度法测定水中总氰化物的试验条件进行了探讨,分析了蒸馏时馏出液体积对结果的影响,明确了显色剂的配制及保存时效等问题。提出样品预蒸馏时可适当减少馏出液的收集体积,测定结果无显著性差异;将氯胺T、异烟酸-巴比妥酸试剂在冰箱中于4℃保存,在正常情况下可稳定使用4周。     

Phytoremediation of phenol using Polygonum orientale,including optimized conditions

Removing phenol from wastewater has become a major challenge of international concern. Phytoremediation is a novel and eco-friendly method and is attracting an increasing amount of attention for treating phenol in wastewater. We studied the ability of Polygonum orientale, which is frequently present around water bodies and in wetlands in China, to phytoremediate phenol. We determined the inhibition concentration for phenol on P. orientale using emergency toxicology experiments and morphological observations. Isothermal and kinetic models were created to assess the adsorption process involved in phenol removal. Comparison tests in sterile conditions demonstrated that metabolic removal was the main way in which the phenol concentrations were decreased, and removal by adsorption played a smaller role. An orthogonal test was performed to determine the optimum conditions under which P. orientale will remove phenol, and these were found to be an initial phenol concentration of 5 mg L^?1, 100 % natural light, and a 13-day treatment time. These results provide a theoretical basis for increasing our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the removal of phenol by P. orientale and will help in developing its application in the greening of urban areas to provide both phytoremediation and esthetic landscaping.     

淀山湖总氮和总磷的时空模拟分布

为了解氮磷在淀山湖的时空分布特征及变化规律,运用ELCOM-CAEDYM耦合模块分析了2008年淀山湖总氮和总磷浓度的时空变异。研究表明:模型较好地模拟了淀山湖上覆水中的总氮、总磷的时空分布,总氮、总磷质量浓度总体变化趋势与实测值相一致。淀山湖春冬季总氮的质量浓度要明显高于夏秋季,3月份是淀山湖总氮质量浓度最高的时候,千墩港是淀山湖总氮质量浓度最高的区域。淀山湖总磷的分布并未表现出季节上的规律性,空间分布整体呈现北高南低的趋势。     

城市水环境PFAAs前驱体污染特征及健康风险

为揭示城市水环境中前驱体对全氟烷基酸（PFAAs）输入特征、分布格局及健康风险的影响,对南京城市污水处理厂出水、河流、湖泊、长江饮用水源地等水体进行了考察.利用HPLC-MS/MS及总可氧化前驱体法（TOP Assay）分析了17种PFAAs与其总可氧化前驱体的污染特征,并通过推演耐受剂量评估了饮水途径的健康风险商（HQ）.结果表明,污水处理厂出水中PFAAs浓度90.6～278ng/L,主要单体PFBS、PFHxA、PFOA占总浓度的63%;总可氧化前驱体浓度239～839pmol/L,PFBA前驱体含量最高.城市地表水中PFAAs浓度61.8～157ng/L,总可氧化前驱体浓度195～572pmol/L,PFBA、PFPe A、PFHxA3种全氟羧酸的前驱体含量最高,城市河流流经人口密集区后,PFAAs赋存浓度有所上升,但总可氧化前驱体浓度下降.饮用水源地中PFAAs浓度50.9～54.6ng/L,总可氧化前驱体浓度273～372pmol/L,以PFBA、PFPe A和PFHx A3种全氟羧酸的前驱体为主.相对高风险来源于PFOS的免疫毒性（HQ=0.024）以及PFOA的发育毒性...     

原油及油制品中多环芳烃化学指纹的分布规律研究

利用原油及油制品中的多环芳烃(PAHs)化学指纹特征进行溢油鉴别是确定海上溢油事故污染源的重要技术.使用气相色谱一质谱联用方法测定了汽油E90#、汽油E93#、润滑油150SN、轻柴油-10#、柴油5#、重柴油180#、重柴油380#、俄罗斯原油及大庆原油的PAHs化学指纹图谱.结果表明,在各种PAHs中,萘(Nap)、2-甲基萘(2-MN)和1-甲基萘(1-MN)的含量最高,三者总和占52%～86%(质量分数,下同).轻质油(汽油、轻柴油、柴油和润滑油)和重质油(原油和重柴油)的化学指纹图谱存在明显差异:重质油中2-MN平均为28%,轻质油中Nap平均为42%.Nap/2-MN(Nap与2-MN质量比,以下各物质表述意义同)和Nap/1-MN的比值关系区分的趋势类似,并且存在典型的线性相关性(R=0.92,p<0.01).表明原油及油制品中的Nap、1-MN和2=MN的含量相对固定,使用Nap/2-MN和Nap/1-MN比值方法鉴别油类品种具有较高的可靠性.应用主成分分析方法对9种油样的PAHs化学指纹特征进行了分析,结果表明该方法是一种有效和有潜力的溢油鉴别方法.     

石油污染土壤微生物联合修复技术研究进展

石油是一种具有生物毒性的复杂有机物,土壤中石油烃的过量积累会给生态环境和人类健康造成严重威胁。微生物联合修复技术因处理成本低、环境影响小、无二次污染等优点,且较微生物修复或植物修复效率更高,耗时更短,成为当前的研究热点。文章介绍了植物-微生物联合修复、电动-微生物联合修复、氧化-微生物联合修复和表面活性剂强化微生物修复四种联合修复技术,简要阐述了修复机理、适用范围和工艺参数,为生物修复技术的选择提供了参考,并对以后生物修复的研究重点进行了展望。     

加强全过程管理提升环境监测质量

环境监测是环境保护的基本工作,是环境管理的耳目和手段。做好环境监测的管理,提高环境监测的质量极为重要。文章从环境监测管理工作实际出发,介绍了环境监测过程管理,分析了样品采集、样品管理、实验室分析等影响环境监测质量的主要因素,结合环境监测日常运行管理,对环境监测进行全过程分析,提出了监测人员综合素养、设备设施、全过程质量控制等质量管理措施,以持续提升环境监测水平,促进生态文明和经济社会的共同发展。     

基于SWMM的滇池环湖截污干渠系统运行效能分析

滇池环湖截污干渠工程是滇池环湖截污体系的重要组成部分,利用SWMM模型对滇池环湖截污干渠系统运行情况进行模拟,并对其运行效能进行分析。分析结果表明:典型降雨年景(降雨保证率分别为29.7%、93.8%和82.8%)下滇池环湖截污干渠对现状汇水范围内全年产生的污水收集率为29.52%~51.68%,对设计服务范围内产生的污水收集处理率为46.3%~67.9%。环湖截污干渠系统旱季收集处理效率明显高于雨季,各截污片区收集处理率存在明显差异。当重现期≤0.2年时环湖截污系统现状汇水范围内产生的污水及地表径流均能够被收集与处理;当重现期≤0.25年时环湖截污系统设计服务范围内产生的污水及地表径流能够完全被收集与处理。     

Differential responses of short-term soil respiration dynamics to the experimental addition of nitrogen and water in the temperate semi-arid steppe of Inner Mongolia, China

We examined the effects of simulated rainfall and increasing N supply of different levels on CO2 pulse emission from typical Inner Mongolian steppe soil using the static opaque chamber technique, respectively in a dry June and a rainy August. The treatments included NH4NO3 additions at rates of 0, 5, 10, and 20 g N/（m2.year） with or without water. Immediately after the experimental simulated rainfall events, the CO2 effluxes in the watering plots without N addition （WCK） increased greatly and reached the maximum value at 2 hr. However, the efflux level reverted to the background level within 48 hr. The cumulative CO2 effluxes in the soil ranged from 5.60 to 6.49 g C/m2 over 48 hr after a single water application, thus showing an increase of approximately 148.64% and 48.36% in the efftuxes during both observation periods. By contrast, the addition of different N levels without water addition did not result in a significant change in soil respiration in the short term. Two-way ANOVA showed that the effects of the interaction between water and N addition were insignificant in short-term soil COz efftuxes in the soil. The cumulative soil CO2 fluxes of different treatments over 48 hr accounted for approximately 5.34% to 6.91% and 2.36% to 2.93% of annual C emission in both experimental periods. These results stress the need for improving the sampling frequency after rainfall in future studies to ensure more accurate evaluation of the grassland C emission contribution.