砷形态转化及其环境效应研究

砷在水环境中的形态转化受到许多物理化学因素的制约,并产生毒害程度不同的环境效应。对多种因素进行研究,寻找将高毒的As(Ⅲ)向低毒的As(Ⅴ)转化的有利条件,并控制As(Ⅴ)向As(Ⅲ)的转化。结果表明,自然敞口放置3d的As(Ⅲ)溶液中没有As(Ⅴ)的出现,As(Ⅲ)向As(Ⅴ)的转化是一个缓慢的过程。锰矿、粉煤灰等天然矿物能氧化As(Ⅲ),从而降低毒性。酸性或碱性条件都有利于As(Ⅲ)向As(Ⅴ)的转化,转化率超过90%。温度、可见光、超声波等外界条件对砷形态转化有一定影响。紫外光照射3d后的As(Ⅲ)完全转化成As(Ⅴ),且As(Ⅴ)没有向As(Ⅲ)转化,因此紫外光是降低砷毒性的有利条件。Fe2+能将As(Ⅴ)还原,升高水体砷的毒性;而Fe3+能将As(Ⅲ)氧化,并生成氢氧化物将砷吸附。     

Influence of amendments on soil arsenic fractionation and phytoavailability by Pteris vittata L

Increasing availability of soil arsenic is of significance for accelerating phytoremediation efficiency of As-polluted sites. The effects of seven amendments, i.e., citrate, oxalate, EDTA, sodium polyacrylate (SPA), phosphate rock (PR), single superphosphate (SSP), and compost on fractionation and phytoavailability of soil As were investigated in lab culture experiment. The results showed that the addition of PR, SPA, EDTA or compost to soils significantly increased the concentration of NaHCO₃-extractable As over a 120 d incubation period compared with the control (amendment-free) soil. Then, the four amendments were selected to add to As-contaminated soil growing Pteris vittata. It was concluded that As accumulation by the fern increased significantly under the treatments of PR and SPA by 25% and 31%, respectively. For As fractionation in soil, SPA increased Fe-As significantly by 51% and PR increased Ca-As significantly by 18%, while both the two amendments reduced occluded-As by 16% and 19%, respectively. Adding PR and SPA in soil increased the activities of urease and neutral phosphatase resulting from the improvement the fertility and physical structure of the soil, which benefits plant growth and As absorption of P. vittata. The results of the research revealed that both PR and SPA were effective amendments for improving phytoremediation of As-contaminated sites by P. vittata.     

上海市大气中人工放射性水平调查及评价

为掌握上海市大气中人工放射性本底水平，于１９８９年９月－１９９１年１１月进行了调查。调查结果，大气气溶胶采样后１天和采样后７天的总β放射性（包括人工的和天然的）浓度分别为９．３×１０＾－２Ｂｑ／ｍ＾３和２．６×１０＾－３Ｂｑ／ｍ＾３，其中＾９０Ｓｒ浓度＜１．８×１０＾－６Ｂｑ／ｍ＾３，＾１３７Ｃｓ浓度＜１．３×１０＾－５Ｂｑ／ｍ＾３；雨水沉降物总β放射性（包括人工的和天然的）沉降率为０．７８Ｂｑ／     

CaF2高温分解特性试验研究

作为燃煤和砖瓦烧制过程中钙基固氟剂燃烧固氟的最终产物CaF₂,其高温稳定特性对固氟效率有重要影响本义在固定床反应器上采用气态氟化物直接吸收分析法,结合XRD、DTA法对CaF₂晶体粉末在大气、干燥大气和饱和大气下的高温稳定性进行了实验研究.结果表明,在高温条件下CaF₂发生水解反应,水解反应起始温度830±10℃,水解率随燃烧温度和停留时间的增加而增加,空气中水蒸气含量对水解率有显著影响.动力学计算表明温度在850℃～1350℃范围内水解反应为一级反应,反应活化能E=115±2kJ/mol.研究结果对燃煤和砖瓦烧制过程中高温高效钙基燃烧固氟剂的开发有指导意义.