武进港流域地表水中新污染物的高通量筛查与源解析

新污染物长期存在于水环境中,其对生态、人类健康存在的潜在危害和风险是不可忽视,而研究其在地表水中的分布特征及其来源可对新污染物的源头治理与管控提供帮助.武进港是太湖西北部的主要入湖河流之一,为了解武进港流域新污染物的分布,采用液相色谱-高分辨率质谱仪（LC-HRMS）对19处地表水样（包括主河道12个水样、支流7个水样）和污水处理厂出水水样中的新污染物进行高通量筛查.共识别出294种新污染物,其中药物类和农药类新污染物占比较大,分别为35.4%和32.3%.主成分分析表明,污水处理厂出水受新污染物污染的情况与地表水具有显著差异,同时19个地表水点位中,新污染物的分布在武进港流域存在南北地区差异.通过Mann-Whitney U检验,并绘制火山图,北部筛选出70种特征新污染物,其中药物类新污染物占比最大,为48.6%,包括咖啡因、金刚烷胺、缬沙坦等.南部筛选出17种特征新污染物,农药类占比最大,为52.9%,包括2-甲基-4-氯苯氧乙酸（MCPA）、灭草松等.相关性分析结果显示,农药类特征新污染物与农田占比呈正相关.     

三峡库区消落区水体-沉积物重金属迁移转化特征

结合三峡水库反季节调度模式,对消落区沉积物中Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr这4种重金属的存在形态及迁移转化特征进行研究.结果表明,不同重金属在消落区沉积物中形态分布各异,Cu主要以有机物及硫化物结合态和残渣态形式存在,Pb主要以碳酸盐结合态、Fe-Mn氧化物结合态及残渣态存在,Cd主要以碳酸盐结合态、Fe-Mn氧化物结合态存在,Cr主要以残渣态存在.伴随着消落过程的进行,汛期出露沉积物的有机质及AVS含量下降、ORP升高、pH值降低,沉积物中可提取态重金属的相对含量显著下降,重金属具有向水体迁移趋势, Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr平均迁移率分别为30.50%、 26.10%、 33.50%和11.77%,4种重金属的迁移性大小依次为Cd>Cu>Pb>Cr.可提取态Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr对重金属迁移贡献率分别为77.15%、 86.09%、 94.86%和32.34%,可提取态是重金属发生迁移的主要部分.研究结果表明, 消落区重金属迁移呈"缓释"特征,三峡水库的反季节调度模式有利于缓解消落区重金属迁移诱导的生态风险,库区水体重金属含量处于较低水平.     

全球气候变化的成因探析

探析了引起全球气候变化的温室气体效应、太阳变化、火山喷发、对流层气溶胶等外部强迫效应，以及导致大气和海洋间能量再分配的埃尔尼诺事件等所引起的气候变化。进一步讨论了气候系统内部的、涉及地球生物学和化学的几种气候反馈机制。     

Aging-independent and size-dependent genotoxic response induced by titanium dioxide nanoparticles in mammalian cells

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles(TiO_2 NPs) are subjected to various transformation processes(chemical, physical and biological processes) in the environment, potentially affecting their bioavailability and toxic properties. However, the size variation of TiO_2 NPs during aging process and subsequent effects in mammalian cells are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to illustrate the adverse effects of TiO_2 NPs in different sizes(5, 15 and 100 nm) during aging process on human-hamster hybrid(A_L) cells. There was an aging-time dependent enhancement of average hydrodynamic size in TiO_2 NPs stock suspensions. The cytotoxicity of fresh TiO_2 NPs increased in a size-dependent manner; in contrast, their genotoxicity decreased with the increasing sizes of NPs. No significant toxicity difference was observed in cells exposed to either fresh or 60 day-aged TiO_2 NPs. Both Fresh and aged TiO_2 NPs efficiently induced mitochondrial dysfunction and activated Caspase-3/7 in a size-dependent manner.Using mitochondrial-DNA deficient(ρ~0) ALcells, we further discovered that mitochondrial dysfunction made significant contribution to the size-dependent toxicity induced by TiO_2 NPs during the aging process. Taken together, our data indicated that TiO_2 NPs could significantly induced the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in an aging time-independent and size-dependent manner, which were triggered by mitochondrial dysfunction. Our study suggested the necessity to include size as an additional parameter for the cautious monitoring of TiO_2 NPs disposal before entering the environment.     

Activation of cadmium under simulated solar illumination and its impact on the mobility of Cd in flooded soils

In waterlogged paddy soils, cadmium (Cd) can be precipitated as cadmium sulfide (CdS) under reductive environment, thereby limiting the absorption of Cd by plants. Multiple environmental factors (such as water, pH, and Eh) played a role in the control of Cd mobility and bioavailability. In this study, we investigated the influence of the solar irradiation on the photodissolution of synthetic CdS-montmorillonite composites (CdS-M) in solution and the stability of Cd in natural soil. The release kinetic of Cd²⁺ showed that after the irradiation of simulated sunlight, CdS-M composites became less stable compared to the dark control. The solar irradiation seemed to enhance the release of Cd²⁺ from CdS significantly and continuously. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and quenching experiments confirmed that the photogenerated holes, ?O₂^? and ?OH, were possibly involved in the photo-induced release of Cd²⁺, while the holes was primarily responsible for the reaction. Irradiation under alkaline solution or the presence of DOM, PO₄^3?, CO₃^2?, and urea markedly inhibited the photodissolution process of CdS. The photo-mediated activation of Cd was further confirmed in paddy soil under natural sunlight, with a nearly threefold increase in concentration of extractable Cd during the 15 days of irradiation. This study highlights the importance of photochemical transformation of Cd in the environmental water and soil.