Influence of dissolved organic matter from corn straw on Zn andCusorption to Chinese loess

The interaction of Zn and Cu with dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a significant physicochemical process affecting their sorption as well as mobility in soil. The objective of this study was to examine the influence of DOM from corn straw on the sorption of Zn and Cu by loess through batch adsorption technique. The sorption isotherms of Zn and Cu could be well described by the Freundlich equation, and the partition distribution coefficient (k) in the presence of DOM was reduced by 86% for Zn and 58% for Cu, as compared to the control receiving no DOM, suggesting that DOM had a stronger inhibitory effect on Zn sorption than that of Cu. In addition, the sorption of metal increased with an increase in pH for loess, with maximum inhibition on metal sorption observed at pH > 7.6 for Zn and pH > 5.5 for Cu in the absence ofDOM but Cu sorption of DOM was suddenly decreased with an increase of pH at pH > 7.9 in the presence of DOM. At a DOM concentration of <200 mg L^?1, sorption of Zn and Cu was reduced by 46% for Zn and 32% for Cu with an increase in DOM concentration.     

Responses of kinetics and capacity of phenanthrene sorption on sediments to soil organic matter releasing

Soil organic matter (SOM) releasing with dissolved organic matter (DOM) formed in solution was confirmed in a sediment/water system, and the effects of SOM releasing on the sorption of phenanthrene on sediments were investigated. Inorganic salt (0–0.1 mol L^?1 NaCl) was used to adjust SOM releasing, and two sediments were prepared, the raw sediment (S1) from Weihe River, Shann’xi, China, and the eluted sediments with and without DOM supernatant remained, termed as S2a and S2b, respectively. The FTIR and ¹H NMR analysis indicate that the low molecular weight hydrophilic SOM fraction released prior to the high molecular weight hydrophobic fraction. As a response, phenanthrene sorption kinetics on S1 showed atypical and expressed as three stages: rapid sorption, pseudo sorption with partial desorption, and slow sorption, thus a defined “sorption valley” occurred in kinetic curve. In all cases, partition dominates the sorption, and sorption capacity (K_d) ranked as S2b > S1 > S2a. Compared with the alterations of sediment characters, DOM solubilization produced by SOM releasing exhibited a greater inhibitory effect on sorption with a relative contribution of 0.67. Distribution coefficients (K_doc) of PHE into DOM clusters were 2.10?×?10⁴–4.18?×?10⁴ L kg^?1, however a threshold concentration of 6.83 mg L^?1 existed in DOM solubilization. The study results will help to clarify PAHs transport and their biological fate in a sediment/water system.     

碲化镉量子点诱导氧自由基产生的检测

随着量子点(quantum dots,QDs)在生物标记和医学影像等领域的应用日益广泛,其环境暴露量逐渐增加,深入探讨QDs的毒性机制具有重要意义。QDs通过产生活性氧(ROS)诱发毒性效应是目前普遍接受的毒作用模式。为了探讨量子点的毒性与所诱发的ROS的种类和数量的关系,选用碲化镉量子点(CdTe QDs和CdTe/ZnS QDs),利用电子顺磁共振技术(EPR)分别测定了CdTe QDs和CdTe/ZnS QDs在无细胞体系中诱导ROS产生的种类和强度;利用EPR法、紫外可见分光光度法和荧光分光光度法分别测定了4、20和100nmol·mL-1的CdTe QDs和CdTe/ZnS QDs对超氧阴离子(·O2-)和羟基自由基(·OH)产生的促进作用。实验结果显示,CdTe QDs可诱导·O2-的产生;CdTe QDs和CdTe/ZnS QDs对·OH与·O2-的产生有明显的促进作用,且具有剂量-效应关系。研究表明,量子点可诱导和促进ROS产生,不同结构量子点对ROS的诱导和促进作用不同。     

Chemical properties of dissolved organic matter derived from sugarcane rind and the impacts on copper adsorption onto red soil

Dissolved organic matter (DOM), as the most active organic carbon in the soil, has a coherent affinity with heavy metals from inherent and exogenous sources. Although the important roles of DOM in the adsorption of heavy metals in soil have previously been demonstrated, the heterogeneity and variability of the chemical constitution of DOM impede the investigation of its effects on heavy metal adsorption onto soil under natural conditions. Fresh DOM (FDOM) and degraded DOM (DDOM) from sugarcane rind were prepared, and their chemical properties were measured by Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopes, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and molecular weight distribution (MWD). They were also used in batch experiments to evaluate their effects on the adsorption of Cu(II) onto farmland red soil. Based on our results, the chemical structure and composition of DDOM greatly varied; compared with FDOM, the C/O ratio (from 24.0 to 9.6%) and fluorescence index (FI) (from 1.4 to 1.0) decreased, and high molecular weight (>10 kDa) compounds increased from 23.18 to 70.51%, while low molecular weight (<3 kDa) compounds decreased from 56.13 to 12.13%; aromaticity and humification degree were markedly enhanced. The discrepancy of FDOM and DDOM in terms of chemical properties greatly influenced Cu(II) adsorption onto red soil by affecting DOM-Cu(II) complex capacity. The FDOM inhibited the adsorption of Cu(II), while DDOM promoted adsorption, which was significantly influenced by soil pH. Maximum adsorption capacity (Q _m) was 0.92 and 5.76 mg g^?1 in the presence of FDOM and DDOM, respectively. The adsorption process with DDOM could be better described by the Langmuir model, while that with FDOM was better described by the Freundlich model. The impacts caused by the dynamic changes of the chemical properties of DOM under natural conditions should therefore be considered in the risk assessment and remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals.     

GIS支持的卫星图像土地利用现状分类和制图

应用卫星图像提取专题要素，综合利用多元地理信息，是克服多光谱数据在解像力和分辨率上所存在的局限性的有效途径。ＧＩＳ技术则提供多种处理功能将图像与地理信息复合，提高分类精度。分类图像数据与地形基础要素数据复合，通过彩色扫描绘图机直接绘制高质量的土地利用现状专题地图。     

保护性耕作对农田土壤有机碳库的影响

农田土壤有机碳库是陆地生态系统碳库的重要组成部分,对维持全球碳平衡具有重要意义。有机碳库的储量除了受气候和环境因素的影响外,还受农业耕作措施的影响。综述了保护性耕作对土壤有机碳库的影响,并从碳输入、碳分解和碳固持3个方面讨论了保护性耕作影响有机碳库的途径。大量实验结果表明,保护性耕作在表层土壤中能提高作物根系生物量1.0%~142.9%;增加土壤微生物的生物量2.2%~140%。免耕还显著降低土壤的呼吸强度,在0.9%~72.6%之间,从而减少碳的损失。免耕还提高了土壤团聚体数量,从而有利于有机碳在土壤中的固持。今后的研究应该在如下几方面加强：（1）加强区域性对比研究;（2）加强长期定位研究;（3）加强对固碳机理的研究;（4）建立模型加强对多种因子综合效应的研究。