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771.
Policy-makers and public participation analysts face the question of who should be involved in environmental decision-making. Participants are often representatives of organized groups who share similar demographic and other characteristics. This raises concerns about the degree to which the interests and opinions of others are represented. The research presented here investigates the nature and degree of differences in environmental attitudes, specifically those toward water resource management efforts, among people who do and do not participate in place-based groups in metropolitan Portland, Oregon. Neighborhood associations and a watershed council were the focus of this research due to their involvement in land-use planning and resource activities. Thirty-four individual attitudinal judgments were evaluated, along with four indices representing attitudes toward resource protection goals, government, regulations, and economic measures. Survey findings revealed watershed council participants were more supportive of resource protection compared to others on all attitudinal dimensions except anthropocentric goals. In contrast, neighborhood association participants are relatively representative of non-participants except for heightened support for economic strategies. Participants in both groups exhibited higher socioeconomic status than non-participants. Written survey comments highlighted the perceived value of on-the-ground projects incorporating local input and feedback while interviews provided insights on how to expand participation in place-based groups and resource protection efforts. 相似文献
772.
Farias R. B. H. B. Pinto D. Goulart M. L. Igansi A. V. Loebens L. Yılmaz M. Silva L. F. O. Andreazza R. Cadaval T. R. S. Quadro M. S. 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2023,25(1):52-61
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - One of the most significant environmental problems the world population faces is the inadequate disposal of petroleum derivatives. Lubricant oil is... 相似文献
773.
Schneider RP Morano SC Gigena MA Missawa SK Rocha RC Da Silva LR Ellert N Kataoka S Katsuragi C Rosa Cda S Filho LC 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2006,116(1-3):21-52
Five priority areas of potential impact by contaminants (API) were investigated at the Presidente Bernardes Refinery in Cubatão, São Paulo, Brazil with the following aims: (i) to identify both organic and inorganic contaminants present in soil and groundwater; (ii) to define the environmental conditions relevant for microbial activity at the site and (iii) to evaluate the feasibility of employing natural attenuation for treatment of the hydrocarbon contamination. One area (API 1) was an uncontrolled landfill, where waste materials from the refinery were deposited between 1954 and 1986, and four areas (API 4, 5, 7 and 11) were located in the operational section of the refinery. Soil contamination by regulated BTEX compounds (benzene, toluene, total xylenes) was restricted to two samples from API 1. Nonregulated ethylbenzene was detected in one soil sample from API 4, one from API 5 and two from API 1. No soil contained regulated PAH above threshold levels. Several nonregulated PAHs were found in 6 soil samples from API 1, 3 soil samples from API 4 and 1 soil sample from API 5. Site soils contained very high aluminium concentrations, but metal contamination was restricted to one soil sample from API 1, which contained nickel above threshold limits. BTEX contamination of groundwater was due mostly to benzene. Of the 17 PAH molecules tested, only naphthalene and 2-methylnaphthalene occurred in groundwater. The sum of total BTEX and total PAH exceeded 200 μg/L in only a few monitoring wells in API 4, 5 and 11 and was always below 2.640 μg/L. Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Se, Ag, Tl and Zn were not detected in groundwater, which was contaminated in a few locations by aluminium (mostly below 1 mg/L), lead (<0.066 mg/L) and arsenic (<0.056 mg/L). S, K, Ca, Mg and Fe were present in groundwater in excess of physiological requirements for microbial growth, but low concentrations of N and P could become growth limiting. However, BTEX were efficiently degraded in saturated and unsaturated zone microcosms and nutrient amendments did not stimulate biodegradation rates measurably. The inorganic carbon pool in groundwater was up to one order of magnitude larger than the organic carbon pool. Total inorganic carbon (TIC) in API groundwater exceeded TIC of clean groundwater by factors of 2 (API 4), 6 (API 5, 7 and 11) or 10 (API 1). Most of the inorganic carbon incorporated into groundwater beneath the refinery originated from biodegradation in the unsaturated soil, which contained a microbiota (106 cells/g on average) capable of growth with most of the pure (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene) and mixed hydrocarbons tested (diesel oil, gasoline, naphtha, condensate, aromatic residue and fuel oil). A viscous hydrocarbon paste uncovered in API 1 was insoluble in water but dissolved in dichloromethane. Many organic components of this paste were biodegradable as evidenced by weight reduction of the hydrocarbon paste and by the growth of suspended and attached biomass in saturated zone microcosms, where the paste was the only carbon source. This study indicates that monitored natural attenuation may be a technically feasible and efficient means for plume control in API 1, 4 and 5, provided the plumes in API 4 and 5 are not expanding. This technique is not suitable for contaminant reduction in API 11. 相似文献
774.
In this article the evolution of the aluminium and copper industries is examined, with a view to deriving policy options open to Third World copper producers, which face a declining rate in the growth of consumption. Market structure, company behaviour and performance are analysed for both industries. The impact of energy and general economic crisis in copper and aluminium industries is assessed and market concentration trends are discussed. We conclude that Third World copper producers must change their basic orientation and become seriously involved in market development. 相似文献
775.
Methods for describing the exposure patterns of forests to atmospheric ozone concentrations are compared with special emphasis on the situation at high altitudes, such as the Appalachian Mountains of the eastern USA. Limitations to the use of ozone concentration as mass per unit volume are discussed and a correction for temperature and pressure changes is derived. If identical ozone mass concentrations were measured at two sites separated by 2000 m elevation, the ozone flux at the lower site would exceed the flux at the higher site by 4-8% due to temperature and pressure effects on both air volume and ozone deposition velocity. It is recommended that ozone exposures be described in terms of 'flux-corrected' mass concentrations or volumetric mixing ratios when ambient ozone data from sites at different altitudes are to be compared. 相似文献
776.
Flávia P S Airoldi Wilson T L Da Silva Frank N Crespilho Maria O O Rezende 《Water environment research》2007,79(1):63-67
Humic substances, or natural recalcitrant organic matter, have an important role in the environment for their plant nutritional functions or for their capability to control the mobility of xenobiotic substances, such as pesticides. To verify the electrochemical behavior of pentachlorophenol (PCP), cyclic voltammetry was used because of its versatility. The following two different electrodes were used: carbon paste electrode (CPE) and carbon paste electrode chemically modified with humic acid (HACMCPE). The results demonstrated that PCP was better accumulated at the HACMCPE electrode, as a consequence of a larger current signal than at the CPE electrode. Cyclic voltammograms showed oxidation steps of PCP itself and probable production of quinonelike compounds. 相似文献
777.
Merrill A. Peterson Susanne Dobler Erica L. Larson Danielle Juárez Tim Schlarbaum Kirsten J. Monsen Wittko Francke 《Chemoecology》2007,17(2):87-96
Summary. Chemical signals frequently underlie sexual isolation between insect species. Our understanding of the evolutionary forces
influencing these signaling systems is known for very few systems, challenging both our efforts to understand insect speciation,
and our ability to predict long-term changes in the chemical communication systems of insects. Thus, we are in need of more
systems in which both the chemical signals causing sexual isolation and the evolutionary forces driving sexual isolation are
understood. Sexual isolation in the hybrid zone between Chrysochus cobaltinus and C. auratus has apparently increased in response to natural selection against hybridisation (i.e. reinforcement). Previous experiments
suggested that this isolation was due, at least in part, to male preferences for conspecific females. Here, we confirm this
role of male choice, and document that male mate choice in this system is influenced by cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles.
Specifically, male C. cobaltinus responses to control cadavers and conspecific female cadavers painted with different cuticular hexane extracts, together
with analyses of the composition of those extracts, revealed that male mate choice is governed by CHC profiles. Multivariate
analyses of GC profiles demonstrated that those profiles are indeed both sex- and species-specific. Although GC-MS enabled
identification and quantification of the specific cuticular hydrocarbons, we have not yet determined which individual compounds
govern mate choice. Having established that CHCs influence sexual isolation in this system, we can now assess the evolutionary
lability of these cues, which will inform both our understanding of speciation, and of the conditions under which the chemical
signaling systems that influence mate choice in insects can evolve. 相似文献
778.
779.
Regine H. S. Dos F. Vieira Edirsana M. R. Carvalho Fátima C. T. Carvalho Camila M. Silva Oscarina V. Sousa Dália P. Rodrigues 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(3):198-203
This study aimed to test the susceptibility of Escherichia coli strains isolated from the water, bottom sediments and individuals cultivated in shrimp farm ponds, to antibiotics belonging to different families, namely B-Lactams: Imipenem (IPM; 10 μ g), Ampicillin (AMP; 10 μ g), Cephalothin (CEP; 30 μ g), Cefoxitin (FOX; 30 μ g), Ceftriaxone (CRO; 30 μ g); Tetracycline: Tetracycline (TCY; 30 μ g); Aminoglycosides: Gentamicin (GEN; 10 μ g), Amikacin (AMK; 30 μ g); Chloramphenicol: Chloramphenicol (CHO; 30 μ g); Fluoroquinolones: Ciprofloxacin (CIP; 5 μ g); Nitrofurans: Nitrofurantoin (NIT; 300 μ g); Sulfonamides: Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (SXT; 30 μ g); Quilononas: Nalidixic Acid (NAL; 30 μ g). In the laboratory, the method of dissemination (Test Kirby-Bauer) was performed in order to fulfill the antibiogram tests. The results showed high indices of resistance to Imipenem, Cephalothin and Ampicillin. Chloramphenicol, Nitrofurantoin, Cefoxitin, Ceftiaxone and Ciprofloxacin have displayed the highest index of sensitive strains. The antibiotic resistance index (ARI) and the multiple resistance index (MAR) varied within the ranges of 0.068–0.077 and 0.15–0.39, respectively. More than 90.5% of strains of Escherichia coli showed a variety of resistance profiles to the tested antibiotics. The high indices of resistance may be a consequence of indiscriminate use of antibiotics, but also the transfer of resistance through mobile genetic elements found in shrimp farms. 相似文献
780.
C.B. Dissanayake A. Senaratne S.V.R. Weerasooriya S.H.G. De Silva 《Environment international》1982,7(5):343-351
The water pollution levels of Kandy Lake in Sri Lanka were monitored to probe the impacts and influences of urban environment in a developing country. Although Kandy Lake is a source of drinking water for the town, it was observed that a large number of effluent channels drained in to it, carrying a continuous flow of contaminated water. The hydrogeochemistry, pH, and bacterial levels were studied using lake and drain water samples. A high coliform count and a high degree of faecal contamination was observed in all water samples obtained from the lake and drains. The Cu2+ and F? concentrations were relatively low and did not reach harmful levels, but were higher than that in the background. The pH of water remained almost neutral and provided ideal conditions for bacterial growth. All laboratory and field experiments indicated eutrophic conditions in the lake and the unsuitability of water in the unpurified state for drinking purposes. The purified water had a zero coliform count, but the chlorine content added was relatively high and may also prove to be a health hazard. On the whole, the polluted water in Kandy Lake indicated the adversities of human involvements with nature and provided a good case study for human influence on water pollution in a developing country. 相似文献