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51.
The phosphorus footprint of China's food chain: implications for food security, natural resource management, and environmental quality 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Efficient use of phosphorus (P) for producing food, preventing water pollution, and managing a dwindling rock P reserve are major challenges for China. We analyzed P stocks and flows in the Chinese food chain to identify where P use efficiency can be improved, where P leaks to the environment, and the research, technologies, and policies needed to improve P use. We found a high degree of inefficiency; of 6652 Gg P entering the food chain, only 1102 Gg P (18%) exit as food for humans. The greatest inefficiencies were a large build-up of soil P (3670 Gg P yr; 52% of P inputs) and high P losses to the environment from animal production (1582 Gg P yr; 60% of excreted P). Improving P use in China must focus on national-scale nutrient management strategies, better animal nutrition, and adoption of technologies and policies to reduce P discharges from the animal sector and recycle P as manures in agriculture. 相似文献
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Human Adenovirus 41 (Ad41) is an important human enteric pathogen and widely prevalent in the environment. The aim of this study was to assess the survival of Ad41 based on genome stability and infectivity in different types of manure and three types of biosolids. For viral survival studies, Ad41 was added to pelletized poultry litter (PL), alum-treated poultry litter (AL), raw poultry litter (RPL), liquid dairy manure (DM), swine manure (SM), and three types of biosolids 1, 2, 3. All samples were stored at 20 or 4°C and analyzed every 10 days for up to 60 days. Quantification PCR (qPCR) standard curves were generated for PL, AL, biosolids 1, and DM to measure the number of viral genomic copies remaining in the samples. To study the infectivity, all contaminated manure/biosolids samples were added to mammalian cell culture and viral mRNA was detected using one-step RT–PCR. Overall, Ad41 viral genomes were stable at both 20 and 4°C and there was no significant loss of viral DNA after 60 days in PL, AL, biosolids type 1, and DM. However, infectivity was lost almost immediately in high pH biosolids type 2 and 3, and infectivity decreased quickly in DM, with estimated T90 of 4.3 and 8.7 days at 20 and 4°C, respectively. Ad41 had ~1.9 log loss of infectivity after added in SM and biosolids type 1 at day 0, and estimated T90 was 12.5 and 28.6 days for biosolids type 1, and 19.1 and 51.0 days for SM at 20 and 4°C, respectively. Ad41 maintained infectivity in all three poultry litter, and after 60 days incubation, there were significantly more infectious virus in PL, AL, and RPL than biosolids 1, SM, and DM at 20°C. 相似文献
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Edward J. Brooks David W. Sims Andy J. Danylchuk Katherine A. Sloman 《Marine Biology》2013,160(10):2535-2546
The Caribbean reef shark (Carcharhinus perezi), an abundant coral-reef-associated apex predator, is one of the most economically and ecologically important, yet least studied species of large shark in the greater Caribbean region. The relative abundance and population structure of C. perezi off Cape Eleuthera, The Bahamas, was surveyed by standardised longline surveys from May 2008 to October 2011, which resulted in the capture of 331 sharks. Abundance peaked in the summer and was lowest during the winter. Females were 1.6 times more abundant than males and the assemblage was dominated by immature female sharks (45.5 %). The abundance of mature male and female sharks peaked a month apart in June and August, respectively. All 331 sharks were tagged and released with 15.4 % being recaptured after periods at liberty between 5 and 1,159 days (Mean = 333.4 ± 42.7 SE). The mean distance between tagging and recapture was 1.77 km for recaptures in excess of 6 months, indicating seasonally stratified philopatry in this species. C. perezi inhabiting Bahamian waters have developed complex habitat use patterns that are both spatiotemporally and demographically segregated, most probably in response to the large and diverse habitat mosaic available on the Bahamas Banks compared to contemporary study sites. This study represents an important step in understanding the spatiotemporal population structure of C. perezi and illustrates the potential for studies examining behavioural plasticity in response to environmental variation and anthropogenic disturbance. 相似文献
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R.A. Warrick G.J. Kenny G.C. Sims W. Ye G. Sem 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》1999,1(2):157-170
This paper describes a training course on climate change vulnerability and adaptation assessment. The course, developed in partnership with the CC:TRAIN Programme of the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), aims to enhance the capacity of developing countries to make their national communications to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The paper focuses on a simulation model called VANDACLIM, which was developed as a pedagogical tool to facilitate the training. Four sectors are modelled within VANDACLIM (agriculture, public health, water resources, and coastal zone) and are used as a basis for helping to conduct an integrated, multi-sectoral assessment for the imaginary, sub-tropical country of Vanda. The learning-by-doing approach, encapsulated in the application of VANDACLIM to complete a mini-assessment for Vanda, proved to be very successful when trialled at a training workshop in Zimbabwe. Both the training course and VANDACLIM have been adapted subsequently for application in small island states and plans are underway for extension to other environments and regions of the world. 相似文献
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McGrath JM Sims JT Maguire RO Saylor WW Angel CR Turner BL 《Journal of environmental quality》2005,34(5):1896-1909
Modifying broiler diets to mitigate water quality concerns linked to excess phosphorus (P) in regions of intensive broiler production has recently increased. Our goals were to evaluate the effects of dietary modification, using phytase and reduced non-phytate phosphorus (NPP) supplementation, on P speciation in broiler litters, changes in litter P forms during long-term storage, and subsequent impacts of diets on P in runoff from litter-amended soils. Four diets containing two levels of NPP with and without phytase were fed to broilers in a three-flock floor pen study. After removal of the third flock, litters were stored for 440 d at their initial moisture content (MC; 24%) and at a MC of 40%. Litter P fractions and orthophosphate and phytate P concentrations were determined before and after storage. After storage, litters were incorporated with a sandy and silt loam and simulated rainfall was applied. Phytase and reduced dietary NPP significantly reduced litter total P. Reducing dietary NPP decreased water-extractable inorganic phosphorus (IP) and the addition of dietary phytase reduced NaOH- and HCl-extractable organic P in litter, which correlated well with orthophosphate and phytic acid measured by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), respectively. Although dry storage caused little change in P speciation, wet storage increased concentrations of water-soluble IP, which increased reactive P in runoff from litter-amended soils. Therefore, diet modification with phytase and reduced NPP could be effective in reducing P additions on a watershed scale. Moreover, efforts to minimize litter MC during storage may reduce the potential for dissolved P losses in runoff. 相似文献
58.
Bacteriophages (phages) associated with Salmonella were collected from nine swine manure lagoons in Mississippi. Phages were isolated by an enrichment protocol or directly from effluent. For enrichment, chloroform-treated samples were filtered (0.22 mum) and selectively enriched by adding a cocktail of Salmonella strains in trypticase soy broth. After overnight incubation at 35 degrees C, chloroform was added and samples stored at 5 degrees C. Enriched samples were tested by double agar layer (DAL) plaque assay against individual Salmonella isolates. Phage titers of 2.9 x 10(8) to 2.1 x 10(9) plaque forming units (pfu) per mL were produced, but estimation of phage titers in lagoons was not possible. For direct isolation, effluent was clarified by centrifugation, filtered (0.22 microm), and used in DAL plaque assays to select single-plaque isolates for 15 Salmonella strains. Plaque counts varied among Salmonella strains and lagoons. The most sensitive strain for direct phage recovery was ATCC 13311. Phage titers estimated by direct isolation with ATCC 13311 ranged among lagoons from 12 to 148 pfu per mL. In limited host range tests, 66 isolates recovered by the enrichment protocol produced plaques only on Enteritidis and Typhimurium strains of Salmonella and none produced plaques on lagoon isolates of Citrobacter, Escherichia, Proteus, Providencia, or Serratia. Electron microscopy (EM) showed purified enrichment isolates had Podoviridae morphology (tailless 50-nm icosahedral heads with tail spikes). Electron microscopy of clarified concentrated effluent showed 5.5:1 tailless to tailed phages. The isolated phages have potential as typing reagents, specific indicators, and biocontrol agents of Salmonella. 相似文献
59.
Maguire RO Edwards AC Sims JT Kleinman PJ Sharpley AN 《Journal of environmental quality》2002,31(4):1294-1299
At any time, the phosphorus (P) concentration in surface waters is determined by a complex interaction of inputs of soluble P and sorption-desorption reactions of P with sediments. This study investigated what factors control P in solution when various soil aggregates were mixed, seen as being analogous to selective soil erosion events, transport, and mixing within river systems. Fifteen soils with widely differing properties were each separated into three aggregate size fractions (2-52 microm, 53-150 microm, and 151-2,000 microm). Resin P, water-soluble phosphorus (WSP), and the phosphorus buffer capacity (PBC = resin P/WSP) were measured for each aggregate size fraction and WSP was also measured for 11 mixes of the aggregate fractions. The smallest aggregates tended to be enriched with resin P relative to the larger aggregates and the whole soils, while the opposite was true for WSP. As the PBC was a function of resin P and WSP, the PBC was greatest in the 2- to 52-microm aggregate size fraction in most cases. When two aggregate size fractions were mixed, the measured WSP was always lower than the predicted WSP (i.e., the average of the WSP in the two individual aggregates), indicating that WSP released by one aggregate fraction could be resorbed by another aggregate fraction. This resorption of P may result in lower than expected solution P concentration in some surface waters. The strength with which an eroded aggregate can release or resorb P to or from solution is in part determined by that aggregate's PBC. 相似文献
60.