Air pollution characteristics and their relationship with emissions and meteorology in the Yangtze River Delta region during 2014–2016

With rapid economic growth and urbanization, the Yangtze River Delta(YRD) region in China has experienced serious air pollution challenges. In this study, we analyzed the air pollution characteristics and their relationship with emissions and meteorology in the YRD region during 2014–2016. In recent years, the concentrations of all air pollutants, except O_3,decreased. Spatially, the PM_(2.5), PM_(10), SO_2, and CO concentrations were higher in the northern YRD region, and NO_2 and O_3 were higher in the central YRD region. Based on the number of non-attainment days(i.e., days with air quality index greater than 100), PM_(2.5) was the largest contributor to air pollution in the YRD region, followed by O_3, PM_(10), and NO_2.However, particulate matter pollution has declined gradually, while O_3 pollution worsened.Meteorological conditions mainly influenced day-to-day variations in pollutant concentrations. PM_(2.5) concentration was inversely related to wind speed, while O_3 concentration was positively correlated with temperature and negatively correlated with relative humidity.The air quality improvement in recent years was mainly attributed to emission reductions.During 2014–2016, PM_(2.5), PM_(10), SO_2, NO_x, CO, NH_3, and volatile organic compound(VOC)emissions in the YRD region were reduced by 26.3%, 29.2%, 32.4%, 8.1%, 15.9%, 4.5%, and0.3%, respectively. Regional transport also contributed to the air pollution. During regional haze periods, pollutants from North China and East China aggravated the pollution in the YRD region. Our findings suggest that emission reduction and regional joint prevention and control helped to improve the air quality in the YRD region.     

环境湿度对PM2.5手工测量(重量法)的影响

为了解天平室环境湿度对PM_(2.5)手工称重的影响,利用滤膜自动称重系统,在45%、50%、55%3个环境相对湿度条件下对同一组滤膜进行称重。结果显示:45%、55%湿度条件下测量的大部分滤膜质量与50%基准湿度条件下滤膜质量绝对差值均超过0.04 mg,且随着滤膜质量即PM_(2.5)浓度的增加,绝对差值显著上升,难以满足手工称重规范中的要求。PM_(2.5)手工测量浓度在150μg/m~3以下时,3种湿度条件下测量结果的标准偏差保持在2μg/m~3范围之内,而PM_(2.5)手工测量浓度在150μg/m~3以上时,标准偏差超出2μg/m~3范围,且随着浓度升高,标准偏差显著增大,这会给PM_(2.5)的手工测量准确度带来较大影响,说明手工称量环境湿度±5%的允许变化范围并不适合PM_(2.5)平均浓度较高的国家和地区。     

Heterogeneous uptake of nitrogen dioxide on Chinese mineral dust

Mineral dust is one of the major aerosols in the atmosphere. To assess its impact on trace atmospheric gases, in this work we present a laboratory study of the effect of temperature on the heterogeneous reaction of NO₂ on the surface of ambient Chinese dust over the temperature range from 258 to 313 K. The results suggest that nitrogen dioxide could mainly be adsorbed on these types of Chinese mineral dust reversibly with little temperature dependence. Similar to a previous study on NO₂ uptake on mineral aerosols, the uptake coefficients are mainly on the order of 10^− 6 for the Chinese dust, when BET areas are taken into account. HONO was observed as a product, and its formation and decomposition on Chinese mineral dust during the uptake processes were also studied. The complete dataset from this study was compiled with previous literature determinations. Atmospheric implications of the heterogeneous reaction between NO₂ and mineral dust are also discussed, in an effort to understand this important heterogeneous process.     

基于遗传-神经网络算法的含均匀腐蚀缺陷油气管线爆破压力预测研究*

为提高含均匀腐蚀缺陷油气管线爆破压力的预测精度,保障长输油气管线的安全运行,将遗传算法和BP神经网络相结合,建立含均匀腐蚀缺陷油气管线爆破压力预测的遗传-BP神经网络（GA-BPNNs）模型。采用已有文献实验数据,分析对比该模型与AGA NG-18,ASME B31G,修正B31G,PCORRC,DNV RP-F101和SHELL 92等方法用于X46,X52,X60,X65,X80等材质油气管线含均匀腐蚀缺陷时爆破压力的计算误差。结果表明:GA-BPNNs模型用于含均匀腐蚀缺陷油气管线爆破压力预测时,误差在-7.78%～6.06%之间,预测精度明显高于目前国内外通用规范的计算结果;该模型操作简单,适用范围广,工程实用性好,为含缺陷压力管道爆破压力的预测提供更好的思路和方案。     

基于撞击法的喷雾射流粒径研究*

为解决我国光学法仪器价格昂贵,操作复杂,在消防领域未能大范围应用的问题。基于撞击法的采样原理,提出新测试方法,并将其应用于消防领域喷雾射流现场测试。在不同的喷孔数量条件下,通过改变喷雾射流出口压力,观察并统计水雾携带的雾滴在载玻片上留下的印记,根据其直径和数量得出雾滴粒径的分布。研究结果表明:喷雾射流雾滴粒径值与平均直径预测模型的预测值和马尔文粒度仪测得的粒径值相近,水雾粒径随着出口压力的增大而减小,研究结果可为喷雾水枪性能测试和优化改造提供技术支持。     

基于微生物电化学技术的萘普生高盐废水处理

制药废水是环境中萘普生的主要来源之一,因废水中含盐量较高,传统生物法对其中萘普生的去除效果有限,因此研究如何快速去除制药废水中的萘普生污染以及如何获得高盐废水中快速降解萘普生的功能菌群对生态环境具有重要意义.本研究基于长期驯化的混菌,研究微生物电化学技术在0.3%—3.0%不同盐度下对萘普生的去除效果.驯化后的混菌在108 h对8 mg·L~(-1)萘普生的去除率达到75%以上,并且在3.0%的高盐度下经过108 h去除率可达98%.通过高通量测序技术分析发现,发现相比于原始接种源,在门水平上,驯化后的微生物群落中厚壁菌门(Firmuicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidales)相对丰度显著增加;而在属水平,在0.3%—1.0%盐度下,真细菌属(Eubacterium spp.)的丰度显著增加至27.9%—50.5%,Bacteroides和Dysgonomonas等也分别从0.05%、0.03%增加至2.7%—6.8%和10.0%—19.9%;值得注意的是,Castellaniella和Pseudomonas在3.0%的高盐度下显著富集至6.9%和37.3%.本研究表明,Eubacterium、Dysgonomonas、Bacteroides等菌属能够耐受较低的盐度(0.3%—1.0%),且可能在降解转化萘普生体系中发挥作用;Castellaniella和Pseudomonas会在3.0%的高盐环境下富集,可能是两类较好耐盐性且具有较强萘普生降解能力的功能微生物.     

一株金霉素降解新菌株的分离鉴定及降解条件优化

四环素类抗生素在畜牧业中的广泛应用对人类和动物具有潜在的危害。以金霉素制药厂污泥为原料,从中分离出一株能够高效降解金霉素的纯菌株,命名为ZL-1。经形态学观察、革兰氏染色和16S rDNA鉴定,表明该菌株属于革兰氏阴性菌、不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter sp.）。通过正交试验研究了碳源、温度、pH、初始金霉素浓度、接种量对菌株ZL-1降解金霉素效果的影响。结果表明,温度、接种量和初始金霉素浓度对该菌株降解金霉素的影响较大。以正交试验的结果为依据,采用响应面法优化该菌株对金霉素的降解条件,确定了最优条件为金霉素初始浓度134.864 mg/L,温度34.409 ℃,接种量5.223%（体积比）。在最佳降解条件下,金霉素的实际降解率为93.70%,预测降解率为93.723%,表明预测模型的预测值与实际的降解效果较贴合。

     

高压击穿电弧作用下开关柜内典型阻燃绝缘件引燃特性的实验研究

高压开关柜内的绝缘件失效故障,易引发火灾事故、区域停电甚至影响电网系统的稳定运行。基于高压击穿电弧模拟与材料引燃机理综合模拟实验平台,针对4 mm厚支柱绝缘子和固封极柱,开展了15 kV击穿电弧作用下的系列引燃实验研究。结果表明,高压电极横向击穿后,电弧迅速上翻形成自上而下“夹持”样品的倒“U”形弧柱,弧根与弧顶首先炭化或引燃。阻燃绝缘件样品顶部形成火焰后,随着燃烧的进行,逐渐从顶部形成穿透样品的内部击穿电弧,该电弧易诱发剧烈燃烧的水平喷射火焰。内部击穿电弧位置向下移动呈“2阶段”特征:在初始阶段较慢,支柱绝缘子和固封极柱样品内击穿点下移速度分别约为2.55 mm/s和1 .74 mm/s,而在第2阶段分别增大至78.50 mm/s和35.03 mm/s。此外,高压起弧瞬间,在紧邻电极上方的绝缘材料表面,升温速率可达180 ℃/s。研究结果可用于高压开关柜各类阻燃绝缘件的科学选型与优化设计,为开关柜防火安全性能的提升提供科学依据。     

MnO2/EGM电极制备及电化学降解罗丹明B的研究

为开发高效的电化学阴极材料,提高溶解氧还原为H₂O₂的产率,利用电沉积法制备出了二氧化锰/膨胀石墨复合基(MnO₂/EGM)电极,并用于罗丹明B(RHB)电化学阴极降解过程的研究.实验以纯石墨电极片为阳极,MnO₂/EGM复合材料为阴极,分别考察了溶液初始pH值、电流密度、电解质浓度、RHB初始浓度和反应温度对RHB脱色效果的影响.结果表明:利用电沉积法在EGM电极表面均匀负载了MnO₂涂层;在二维电极体系中,当初始pH值为2,电流密度为40 mA·cm^-2,电解质浓度为0.15 mol·L^-1,罗丹明B初始浓度为8 mg·L^-1,反应体系温度为25℃时,RHB在电解30 min后达到最大脱色率为94.43%,且其降解过程符合一级反应动力学.运用循环伏安法(CV)研究了复合电极表面的电化学行为,以及在最佳降解条件下对H₂O₂浓度进行跟踪分析,并对降解机理进行了初步推测,...     

涂覆式蜂窝状钒钨钛催化剂的SCR及抗中毒性能

为制备性能优异的涂覆式蜂窝状SCR催化剂用于高效去除NO_x,采用正交实验探究添加剂对催化剂的涂覆效果及SCR性能影响。结果表明,当PVA和吐温-20含量分别为0.2%和0.1%,pH为1.5时制备的浆料有较好的负载率、附着率和NO转化率。而后对整体式蜂窝状V₂O₅-WO₃-TiO₂/堇青石催化剂进行SCR性能测试,其在350~500 ℃区间活性、耐C₃H₈、SO₂和H₂O反应催化活性均在80%以上,在350 ℃时稳定性均高于88%。通过粒径分析、SEM的表征结果表明,该配方制备的浆料能有效减少组分团聚作用,使其小于堇青石孔径,从而拥有较高的负载率和附着率。通过XPS、H₂-TPR和NH₃-TPD的表征结果表明,C₃H₈、SO₂和H₂O物质的加入会使促进反应的活性物质含量降低,与反应物竞争活性位点,从而降低催化剂氧化还原性能,进而影响催化剂催化活性。但在中高温区间,通过该配方制备的催化剂仍保持良好的酸性位和酸性数量,且与反应物竞争作用降低,从而在中高温度区间仍能保持良好的性能。本研究可为涂覆式蜂窝状催化剂的优化合成、提升其去除氮氧化物及抗中毒性能提供参考。