论中国红十字会灾害应急体系建设

中国红十字会是中国整体灾害应急体系的重要组成部分,建立健全红十字会应急体系建设对备灾、应急工作至关重要。中国红十字会应急体系建设主要包括红十字会应急预案、应急物资储备系统、应急救援队伍、应急宣传培训与演练、信息传递系统等。红十字会应急体系建设也存在应急预案的不健全和缺乏针对性、物资储备系统有待健全、应急队伍建设有待加强、应急救护体系不协调等不足。本文从改革和健全红十字会应急预案、大力发展红十字应急组织、深入推进红十字会物资储备库建设、普及全民应急救护、健全红十字应急网络、学习西方国家经验等方面提出加强红十字会灾害应急工作的对策建议。     

昆明市主城区近年空气质量变化趋势与成因分析

根据昆明市2004-2013年空气自动站监测数据,对昆明市空气质量,污染物年际变化、季节变化、空间变化特征进行了研究。分析了影响昆明市空气质量的地理气象因素、污染排放因素、污染物远程输送因素。提出了相应的防治对策和建议。     

醇胺溶液吸收与解吸CO2的研究

在温度333K、常压条件下,在羟乙基乙二胺(AEE)总量一定的溶液中,研究了不同浓度AEE对CO2的吸收性能;在总胺质量分数为40%的溶液中,研究了不同配比的AEE N-甲基二乙醇胺(MDEA)对CO2的吸收性能.考察了吸收过程中吸收速率、吸收量、吸收时间、AEE浓度以及吸收液温度的相互关系.控制解吸过程温度为393K,考察了CO2解吸量与解吸时间的关系.实验表明,适当降低AEE浓度有利于充分发挥AEE溶液的CO2吸收性能;在MDEA溶液中加入适量AEE,可以明显提高CO2的吸收与解吸性能;其中质量分数为20?E 20%MDEA的复合溶液在CO2吸收与解吸过程中表现出良好的实际操作性.     

真空紫外光降解苯的研究

为了考察真空紫外光辐射在气体净化中的应用,以苯作为目标污染物,分别进行了紫外光波长、气体湿度、反应时间、初始浓度以及辐射功率对苯光解率的影响实验。实验结果表明,真空紫外光辐射方法净化气相污染物中的苯效果良好,在一定条件下,浓度为348.2 mg/m³苯污染气体真空紫外光降解率可达到90%。通过在不同条件下苯的降解率以及臭氧浓度变化,初步探讨了苯降解的机理以及降解途径。苯的降解主要是通过氢氧自由基（·OH）的加成以及后续一系列的氧化反应,降解产物为苯酚以及含有羟基的长链烃。     

有毒气体危害区域划分之临界浓度标准研究

通过研究毒物伤害准则进而界定有毒气体危害浓度,对有毒气体泄漏扩散后的危害区域进行分级划分,以采取相应的防护措施,最大限度的即时有效的减轻有毒气体对人员的伤害.最后,以氯为例,对比其在不同伤害准则下危害区域划分临界浓度标准值,数值差别较大,因此在使用时应根据实际情况加以判断,选择最适当的标准来划分危害区域.     

Mechanism of decolorization and degradation of CI Direct Red 23 by ozonation combined with sonolysis

The decolorization and degradation of CI Direct Red 23, which is suspected to be carcinogenic, were investigated using ozonation combined with sonolysis. The results showed that the combination of ozonation and sonolysis was a highly effective way to remove color from waste water. The operational parameters, namely concentration of the dye, pH, ozone dose and ultrasonic density, were investigated during the process. The decolorization of the dye followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. Increasing the initial concentration of Direct Red 23 led to a decreasing rate constant. The optimum pH for the reaction was 8.0, and both lower and higher pH decreased the removal rate. The effect of the ozone dose on the dye decolorization was much greater than that of the sonolysis density. Intermediates such as naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid, 1-naphthol, urea and acetamide were detected by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry in the absence of pH buffer, while nitrate and sulfate ions and formic, acetic and oxalic acids were detected by ion chromatography. A tentative degradation pathway was proposed without any further quantitative analyses. During the degradation, all nitrogen atoms and phenyl groups of Direct Red 23 were degraded into urea, nitrate ion, nitrogen and formic, acetic and oxalic acids, etc.     

Response of microcystis to copper stress: do phenotypes of microcystis make a difference in stress tolerance?

To elucidate the role of phenotype in stress-tolerant bloom-forming cyanobacterium Microcystis, two phenotypes of M. aeruginosa - unicellular and colonial strains were selected to investigate how they responded to copper stress. Flow cytometry (FCM) examination indicated that the percents of viable cells in unicellular and colonial Microcystis were 1.92-2.83% and 72.3-97.51%, respectively, under 0.25 mgl(-1) copper sulfate treatment for 24h. Upon exposure to 0.25 mgl(-1) copper sulfate, the activities of antioxidative enzyme, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), were significantly increased in colonial Microcystis compared to unicellular Microcystis. Meanwhile, the values of the photosynthetic parameters (F(v)/F(m), ETR(max), and oxygen evolution rate) decreased more rapidly in unicellular Microcystis than in colonial Microcystis. The results indicate that colonial Microcystis has a higher endurance to copper than unicellular Microcystis. This suggests that the efficient treatment concentration of copper sulfate as algaecides will be dependent on the phenotypes of Microcystis.     

电镀综合废水对DF膜的污染

江苏某电镀厂的电镀综合废水在采用DF膜进行预处理时,膜易受到污染。针对这一问题,采用DF膜生产厂家提供的小试装置,研究探索了膜污染的原因及其具体特征。实验结果表明,在处理电镀综合废水时,DF膜的污染速率较快,而酸洗对DF膜的恢复性较好,研究还证实电镀综合废水中的无氰沉锌水洗液是造成DF膜污染的主要原因。     

采用水解酸化-复合好氧处理制药工业废水的工艺评价

以制药工业综合废水处理为例对其采用的两级水解酸化复合好氧工艺的处理效果进行评估。按常规指标进行评估,该工艺对于制药综合废水的处理效果达到了设计目的,COD去除率可达到78.2%以上,NH+4-N的去除率达到99.3%,出水质量基本满足"污水综合排放标准(GB8978-1996)"二级标准和"辽宁省污水综合排放标准(DB21.1627-2008)";急性毒性的检测表明,经过该工艺处理后出水为低毒性;三维荧光谱分析(EEM)表明,制药综合废水经生物处理后的可溶性有机物中仍然存在难降解物质,建议增加物化处理以提高处理效果;并且制药废水经处理后的出水中的盐度对排入的生态系统存在风险,建议纳入排放标准以加强管理。