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401.
402.
Farmers Under Pressure. Analysis of the Social Conditions of Cases of Animal Neglect 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Stefan B. Andrade Inger Anneberg 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2014,27(1):103-126
In this paper we analyse how risk factors in highly industrialised agriculture are connected to animal neglect. With Danish agriculture as a case study, we use two types of data. First, we use register data from Statistics Denmark to map how risk factors such as farmers’ financial and social troubles are connected to convictions of neglect. Second, we analyse narratives where interviewed farmers, involved in cases of neglect, describe how they themselves experienced the incidents. We find that while livestock farmers in general have a low risk of animal neglect problems, a small percentage of them face severe financial difficulties, divorce and psychiatric problems, which are connected to an increased risk of being convicted for the neglect of farm animals. The narratives bring forward themes of pressure related to financial trouble, technological break down, family problems, stress and a growing concern among the farmers towards the governmental control in farm animal production. We discuss how these factors can be used to identify and help farmers with a high risk of being convicted of livestock neglect. 相似文献
403.
Detailed knowledge on species–habitat relationships is of crucial importance for the understanding of processes in marine
ecosystems. Being top-predators, birds are important bio-indicators for marine systems. The aim of this study was to elucidate
precise information on foraging habitat use and foraging times of oystercatchers (Haematopus ostralegus) on wide tidal flats using global positioning system (GPS) data loggers. The study was conducted to collect hints for the
negative population trends in oystercatchers in the Wadden Sea. It is the first time that GPS technique has been used in a
shorebird species. Although oystercatchers are known to exhibit foraging site fidelity, a number of individuals visited multiple
sites. Foraging trips at night were longer, and the targeted sites were further away than those used during the day. These
patterns were likely to be caused by higher risks of clutch predation by avian predators during the day that led adults to
reduce their absence to defend their clutches. Our methodological approach enabled the subtle spatio-temporal patterns of
habitat use to be determined on a very fine spatio-temporal scale. We suggest further potential studies using GPS data loggers
that may help to reveal the reasons for the current declines in oystercatcher populations in the German Wadden Sea. 相似文献
404.
Previous studies evaluating the success of river restorations have rarely found any consistent effects on benthic invertebrate assemblages. In this study, we analyzed data from 24 river restoration projects in Germany dating back 1 to 12 years and 1231 data sets from adjacent river reaches that lie within 0-5, 5-10, and 10-15 km rings centered on the restored sites. We calculated restoration success and recolonization potential of adjacent river reaches based on stream-type-specific subsets of taxa indicative for good or bad habitat quality. On average, the restorations did not improve the benthic invertebrate community quality. However, we show that restoration success depends on the presence of source populations of desired taxa in the surrounding of restored sites. Only where source populations of additional desired taxa existed within a 0-5 km ring around the restored sites were benthic invertebrate assemblages improved by the restoration. Beyond the 5-km rings, this recolonization effect was no longer detected. We present here the first field results to support the debated argument that a lack of source populations in the areas surrounding restored sites may play an important role in the failure to establish desired invertebrate communities by the means of river restorations. In contrast, long-range dispersal of invertebrates seems to play a subordinate role in the recolonization of restored sites. However, because the surroundings of the restored sites were far from good ecological quality, the potential for improvement of restored sites was limited. 相似文献
405.
Roadless and Low-Traffic Areas as Conservation Targets in Europe 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Selva N Kreft S Kati V Schluck M Jonsson BG Mihok B Okarma H Ibisch PL 《Environmental management》2011,48(5):865-877
With increasing road encroachment, habitat fragmentation by transport infrastructures has been a serious threat for European
biodiversity. Areas with no roads or little traffic (“roadless and low-traffic areas”) represent relatively undisturbed natural
habitats and functioning ecosystems. They provide many benefits for biodiversity and human societies (e.g., landscape connectivity,
barrier against pests and invasions, ecosystem services). Roadless and low-traffic areas, with a lower level of anthropogenic
disturbances, are of special relevance in Europe because of their rarity and, in the context of climate change, because of
their contribution to higher resilience and buffering capacity within landscape ecosystems. An analysis of European legal
instruments illustrates that, although most laws aimed at protecting targets which are inherent to fragmentation, like connectivity,
ecosystem processes or integrity, roadless areas are widely neglected as a legal target. A case study in Germany underlines
this finding. Although the Natura 2000 network covers a significant proportion of the country (16%), Natura 2000 sites are
highly fragmented and most low-traffic areas (75%) lie unprotected outside this network. This proportion is even higher for
the old Federal States (western Germany), where only 20% of the low-traffic areas are protected. We propose that the few remaining
roadless and low-traffic areas in Europe should be an important focus of conservation efforts; they should be urgently inventoried,
included more explicitly in the law and accounted for in transport and urban planning. Considering them as complementary conservation
targets would represent a concrete step towards the strengthening and adaptation of the Natura 2000 network to climate change. 相似文献
406.
Filistowicz A Dobrzański Z Przysiecki P Nowicki S Filistowicz A 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2011,182(1-4):477-484
The structure of hair and levels of main chemical elements (C, N, O, S, Cl, Ca, P, Al, Na) in the external layer of hair of silver and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in a non-industrialised, typically agricultural region of middle-west Poland was assessed using a scanning microscope. Additionally, analysis of the accumulation of certain heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) in hair (washed) and skin (non-tanned) of those foxes was conducted. Heavy metal levels were determined using a spectrophotometric method (ICP-OES), and correlations between these levels in hair and skin were calculated. The microscopic external (morphological) and internal structures (histological) of the hair of farm and wild foxes were not differentiated; however, the hair of farm foxes (external layer) contained higher amounts of C, Na, Al and P. A significantly higher Pb content was noted in non-tanned skin of wild foxes in comparison to farm ones. In the case of farm foxes, a significantly higher Zn content in hair and Zn and Cu in skin was observed in comparison to wild ones. Positive significant correlations between Cr and Ni content (r = 0.622) and Zn and Cu (r = 0.721) in fox skin were noted. A similar relationship between Cr content in hair and Ni in skin (r = 0.643) and between Zn in hair and skin (r = 0.595) was also observed. 相似文献
407.
Röllin Stefan Corcho-Alvarado José Antonio Sahli Hans Putyrskaya Victoria Klemt Eckehard 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(57):85777-85788
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The Aare river system in Switzerland, with two nuclear power plants on the banks of the river, and its intermediate lakes and reservoirs, provides a... 相似文献
408.
Stefan Gössling 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2003,5(3-4):383-400
Neoclassic economic theory suggests global market integration as a strategy to reduce poverty. In line with this paradigm, an increasing number of developing countries have focused on tourism to generate foreign exchange earnings and to meet rising workforce pressure. Coastlines in particular, have been at the forefront of tourist infrastructure development. The article describes tourism development in the village of Kiwengwa on the east coast of Unguja Island (Zanzibar), Tanzania. It is shown that changes caused by tourism are far more complex than economic theory suggests. Economically, tourism has substantially increased local income, but it has also led to a focus on individual benefit and dissolving kinship relationships, encouraged the abandonment of traditional resource-use strategies, contributed to the commoditization of local natural resources, and spread the idea that these resources can be replaced with imports. Overall, tourism has fundamentally disrupted the local socio-economic system and led to a self-reinforcing cycle of ecosystem degradation. Tourism development is nevertheless perceived as positive and sustainable, because (i) changes are complex and damage becomes perceptible only in the medium- or long-term future, (ii) the tourist industry tends to shift its impacts to remote areas, i.e. a supplying periphery, (iii) the village has become a center of resource allocation itself, with imports compensating for the losses in local ecosystem capacity. As a development option imposed by the transnational tourist industry, tourism leads to the creation of new centers (i.e. the former periphery) while simultaneously creating new peripheries. In a finite world with a limited hinterland for such a continuous expansion, this cannot be sustainable. 相似文献
409.
Karim D. Kalache Katarina Lehmann Rabih Chaoui Dietmar E. Kivelitz Stefan Mundlos Rainer Bollmann 《黑龙江环境通报》2002,22(5):404-407
A fetus with thanatophoric dysplasia type 2 (TD2) associated with cloverleaf skull and abnormal development of the corpus callosum is reported. This case represents the first prenatal direct visualization of a partial agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) using high-resolution ultrasonography and colour power Doppler, which was confirmed by post-mortem magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The causal link between cloverleaf skull in TD and partial ACC is discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
410.
Cyanides are waste products from the pyrolysis of coal and are frequent soil pollutants in cities nowadays. Prussic acid (HCN) is a fast acting, highly toxic poison, but iron-complexed cyanides in soil are far less toxic. The phytotoxicity of free CN to basket willows (Salix viminalis) was determined with the tree transpiration test. The EC10 for t=72 h is 0.76 mg KCN (0.3 mg CN) per liter, the EC50 is 4.47 mg/l. 5 mg/l KCN are ultimately lethal. Balsam poplars (Populus trichocarpa) can survive concentrations of up to 2500 mg/l ferroferricyanide (Prussian blue), although with reduced growth. Willows survived in gas work soils with up to 452 mg/kg total CN. More CN was taken up from nutrient solution than from the soil. Complexed cyanide is probably translocated into the leaves as well. Free CN was readily eliminated from Erlenmeyers with plants growing in nutrient solution. Planting appropriate vegetation might be a suitable solution for many former gas work and mining sites. 相似文献