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排序方式: 共有101条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
81.
82.
Jagers Sverker C. Harring Niklas Löfgren Åsa Sjöstedt Martin Alpizar Francisco Brülde Bengt Langlet David Nilsson Andreas Almroth Bethanie Carney Dupont Sam Steffen Will 《Ambio》2020,49(7):1282-1296
Ambio - The phenomenon of collective action and the origin of collective action problems have been extensively and systematically studied in the social sciences. Yet, while we have substantial... 相似文献
83.
Blanch JS Llusia J Niinemets U Noe SM Penuelas J 《Journal of environmental biology / Academy of Environmental Biology, India》2011,32(1):1-6
We compared the role of instantaneous temperature and temperature history in the determination of alpha-pinene emissions in Mediterranean conifer Pinus halepensis that stores monoterpenes in resin ducts, and in Mediterranean broad-leaved evergreen Quercus ilex that lacks such specialized storage structures. In both species, alpha-pinene emission rates (E) exhibited a significant exponential correlation with leaf temperature and the rates of photosynthetic electron transport (Jco2+o2) started to decrease after an optimum at approximately 35 degrees C. However, there was a higher dependence of E on mean temperature of previous days than on mean temperature of current day for P. halepensis but not for Q. ilex. Jco2+o2 showed a maximum relationship to mean temperature of previous 3 and 5 days for P. halepensis and Q. ilex respectively. We conclude that although the best correlation of emission rates were found for instantaneous foliar temperatures, the effect of accumulated previous temperature conditions should also be considered in models of monoterpene emission, especially for terpene (see text) species. 相似文献
84.
Asbj?rn Torvanger Steffen Kallbekken Petter Tollefsen 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2012,17(7):753-768
The stringency of policies needed to meet a climate target is influenced by uncertain oil prices because price changes cause emission changes, making the robustness of climate policy instruments important. As a result of its dependence on oil, emissions from the transport sector are particularly sensitive to oil price changes. We use a computable general equilibrium model to study the effects of including the transport sector in the EU??s emissions trading scheme under three future oil price scenarios. Our results show that there are potentially significant welfare gains from including transportation in the emissions trading scheme because the system as a whole helps absorb required changes in climate policy to meet the overall EU cap on emissions. There is, however, a cost in terms of somewhat greater permit price uncertainty. 相似文献
85.
Keiter S Rastall A Kosmehl T Wurm K Erdinger L Braunbeck T Hollert H 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2006,13(5):308-319
Goals, Scope and Background Fish populations, especially those of the grayling (Thymallus thymallus), have declined over the last two decades in the
upper Danube River between Sigmaringen and Ulm, despite intensive and continuous stocking and improvement of water quality
since the 1970s. Similar problems have been reported for other rivers, e.g. in Switzerland, Great Britain, the United States
and Canada. In order to assess if ecotoxicological effects might be related to the decline in fish catch at the upper Danube
River, sediment, suspended matter and waste water samples from sewage treatment plants were collected at selected locations
and analyzed in a bioanalytical approach using a battery of bioassays. The results of this pilot study will be used to decide
if a comprehensive weight-of-evidence study is needed.
Methods Freeze-dried sediments and suspended particulate matters were extracted with acetone in a Soxhlet apparatus. Organic pollutants
from sewage water were concentrated using XAD-resins. In order to investigate the ecotoxicological burden, the following bioassays
were used: (1) neutral red assay with RTL-W1 cells (cytotoxicity), (2) comet assay with RTLW1 cells (genotoxicity), (3) Arthrobacter
globiformis dehydrogenase assay (toxicity to bacteria), (4) yeast estrogen screen assay (endocrine disruption), (5) fish egg
assay with the zebrafish (Danio rerio; embryo toxicity) and (6) Ames test with TA98 (mutagenicity).
Results and Discussion The results of the in vitro tests elucidated a considerable genotoxic, cytotoxic, mutagenic, bacteriotoxic, embryotoxic and
estrogenic burden in the upper Danube River, although with a very inhomogeneous distribution of effects. The samples taken
from Riedlingen, for example, induced low embryo toxicity, but the second highest 17β-estradiol equivalent concentration (1.8
ng/L). Using the fish egg assay with native sediments, a broad range of embryotoxic effects could be elucidated, with clear-cut
dose-response relationships for the embryotoxic effects of contaminated sediments. With native sediments, embryotoxicity was
clearly higher than with corresponding pore waters, thus corroborating the view that – at least for fish eggs – the bioavailability
of particle-bound lipophilic substances in native sediments is higher than generally assumed. The effect observed most frequently
in the fish egg assay was a developmental delay. A comparison of our own results with locations along the rivers Rhine and
Neckar demonstrated similar or even higher ranges of ecotoxicological burdens in the Danube River.
Conclusions The complex pattern of ecotoxicological effects caused by environmental samples from the Danube River, when assessed in an
in vitro biotest battery using both acute and more specific endpoints, showed that integration of different endpoints is essential
for appropriate hazard assessment. Overall, the ecotoxicological hazard potential shown has indeed to be considered as one
potential reason for the decline in fish catches at the upper Danube River. However, based on the results of this pilot study,
it is not possible to elucidate that chemically induced alterations are responsible for the fish decline.
Recommendations and Perspective . In order to confirm the ecological relevance of the in vitro results for the situation in the field and especially for the
decline of the grayling and other fishes, further integrated investigations are required. For linking the weight of evidence
obtained by in vitro assays and fish population investigations, the application of additional, more specific biomarkers (e.g.
vitellogenin induction, EROD and micronucleus assay) has been initiated in fish taken from the field as well as in situ investigations. 相似文献
86.
Eckart Steffen Horst Malchow Alexander B. Medvinsky 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》1997,2(1-2):43-48
The dynamic behaviour of a model plankton community is described by solutions of a generalized predator‐prey model. The qualitative changes due to variations of parameters are considered and the existence of multistability and catastrophic behaviour is noted. Local and global bifurcations of the system are displayed. A seasonal variation of a parameter is introduced and the resulting dynamics are considered, such as quasiperiodic solutions or chaotic attractors. 相似文献
87.
Steffen Stubenrauch Reinhold Hempfling Peter Doetsch und Dirk Grünhoff 《Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung》1999,11(4):219-226
Zusammenfassung Um zu einer sachgerechten und nachvollziehbar quantifizierbaren Beurteilung der m?glichen Gesundheitsbelastungen des Menschen
durch Schadstoffe zu gelangen, ist es von grundlegender Bedeutung dessen ?u?ere Schadstoffexposition absch?tzen zu k?nnen.
Um die Durchführung derartiger Absch?tzungen zu erm?glichen, werden nutzergruppen- und expositionsszenariospezifisch orale,
inhalative und dermale Aufnahmeraten für die Kontaktmedien Boden, Pflanzen aus Haus- und Schreberg?rten, Trinkwasser, Staub,
Hausstaub und Innenraumluft vorgeschlagen. Diese Aufnahmeraten dienen, gemeinsam mit gemessenen oder berechneten Schadstoffkonzentrationen
in den entsprechenden Kontaktmedien, zur Absch?tzung der von Menschen aufgenommenen Schadstoffdosen und erm?glichen durch
einen Vergleich mit tolerierbaren Schadstoffdosen eine stoff-, nutzungs- und standortbezogene Beurteilung von Schadstoffexpositionen,
auch für komplexe Nutzungen.
相似文献
88.
Establishing A Earth Observation Product Service For The Terrestrial Carbon Community: The Globcarbon Initiative 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Stephen Plummer Olivier Arino Muriel Simon Will Steffen 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2006,11(1):97-111
'Greenhouse gases', especially carbon dioxide, are intimately connected to climate change. To understand the future evolution
of the climate system and find ways to manage the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, the processes and feedbacks
that drive the carbon cycle must first be understood. However, our current knowledge of spatial and temporal patterns is uncertain,
particularly over land and in regions of potentially high sensitivity to change like the boreal zone. The European Space Agency
(ESA) GLOBCARBON project aims to generate fully calibrated estimates of at-land products quasi-independent of the original
Earth Observation source for use primarily in Dynamic Global Vegetation Models, but also as a contribution to the Global Carbon
Project, a cooperation between the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme, International Human Dimensions Programme and
the World Climate Research Programme to aid understanding of global carbon cycling. The service will feature estimation of
global burned area, the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fAPAR), leaf area index (LAI) and Vegetation Growth Cycle. The demonstrator will focus on ten complete years, from 1998 to 2007
when overlap exists between ESA Earth Observation sensors and others that are synergistic. However, the system will be flexible
so that it is not dependent on any single satellite sensor and therefore can be retrospectively applied to existing archives
and used with future satellite sensors. 相似文献
89.
90.
Waste recycling is provided by law, e.g. the German ‘Kreislaufwirtschafts- und Abfallgesetz’. Even street sweepings can be recycled, e.g. as winter grit. But if street sweepings are repeatedly brought back on street, toxic agents as heavy metals can accumulate. What is the amount of heavy metal load? Regarding this, is it possible to recycle street sweepings? Is it possible to reduce heavy metal load with the smallest size fraction (the highest load being assumed in) is treated as disposal? Are these fractions actually highest loaded? These questions have been the framework of two studies elaborated at Schleswig-Holstein’s State Authority of Nature Protection and Environment (LANU) based on samples from cities in German state Schleswig-Holstein, particularly from its capital city Kiel. Threshold values for that very purpose do not exist in Germany. But a working group of all German states (called LAGA) suggested some approximate values for recycling of waste and other remainder0materials; the values have been fixed in state of law in Schleswig-Holstein. Our evaluation is oriented towards them. The samples taken in autumn 1998 and winter 1999 were devided in three fractions, the amount of heavy metal measured for each fraction with an ICP-AES. Normal disintegration for that purpose is aqua regia. In this case study nitric acid had been used dissolving just a part of heavy metal concentration although it is not a standard method. It is assumed that it better simulates the natural solubility, and additionally, it is less costly. Therefore we insistently recommend to discuss the application of this method. Samples taken in autumn were higher loaded than those taken in winter. It is worth of special remark that there are high values for zinc, copper, and lead in autumn samples. Regarding above mentioned approximate values samples taken in winter can be assessed for recycling, whereas samples taken in autumn were loaded too high. The finest fraction (<0.5 mm) of samples taken in winter were highest loaded as expected. Therefore the heavy metal concentration could be reduced if this fraction would be treated as disposal. The same can not be assumed for samples taken in autumn, probably due to the higher amount of organic matter. 相似文献