基于PCR-TGGE技术的餐厨垃圾厌氧消化微生物群落结构解析

为了解不同负荷下单相餐厨垃圾厌氧消化反应器内微生物群落结构演替特征,在单相厌氧消化反应器负荷为2.0～8.5kg·m-·3d-1(以VS计)的不同负荷条件下取样,运用16SrDNA的PCR-TGGE技术对反应器内微生物进行动态追踪.同时,运用Dice系统和NMDS软件对PCR-TGGE图谱进行分析.结果表明,负荷为4.0～6.0kg·m-·3d-1时,微生物群落结构变化不大;负荷为6.0～7.0kg·m-·3d-1时,微生物群落结构变化较为明显;负荷分别为7.0～8.0kg·m-·3d-1及8.5kg·m-·3d-1时,微生物群落结构变化最为明显.纵观整个过程,在餐厨垃圾厌氧消化反应器有机负荷在2.0～8.5kg·m-·3d-1下厌氧反应器内的微生物群落结构存在明显的阶段性演替;负荷为7.0kg·m-·3d-1时微生物群落结构的丰富度最好.     

Passive sampler derived air concentrations of PBDEs along an urban-rural transect: spatial and temporal trends

Passive air samplers consisting of polyurethane foam (PUF) disks housed in chambers were deployed at several sites along a approximately 75 km urban-rural gradient in Toronto and analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Samplers were allowed to integrate gas-phase PBDEs over three consecutive seasons starting in the summer of 2000. PBDEs were fairly uniform along the transect with air concentrations in Toronto (10-30 pgm(-3)) about a factor of two greater than at rural sites. Lowest concentrations were observed during the winter and probably associated with reduced inputs from indoor sources of PBDEs and to a preference for PBDEs to partition to the particle-phase at colder temperatures. The composition of PBDEs in the air samples did not differ across the transect or for the different seasons.     

“8·29”充装台充装现场氧气瓶爆炸事故原因分析

介绍了较为少见的充装台充装过程中氧气瓶爆炸事故,描述了事故爆炸后的现场。对爆炸气瓶碎片进行化学成分分析、机械性能、金相试验、内壁附着物化学成分分析和能谱分析。通过分析认定,由于误操作油脂混进氧气瓶,高压氧气和油脂接触发生剧烈的自燃氧化放热,使瓶内的氧气迅速升温升压,超出气瓶承压极限导致气瓶爆炸。结合工作经验,提出要严格气瓶充装前的检验,加强气瓶使用和经销单位的安全监管等防范措施和建议,对氧气瓶的安全管理具有参考价值和实际意义。     

城市绿化中选择净化空气的植物配植

文章叙述了在城市绿化中选择净化空气的植物配植的方法、原则，介绍了几种对大气污染吸收净化能力强的植物种类，和室内选择净化空气的花草。     

Congener-specific concentrations and carbon stable isotope ratios (delta13C) of two technical toxaphene products (Toxaphene and Melipax)

In this study we compared the contribution of individual congeners and the ratios of stable carbon isotopes of two technical toxaphene products. The former US-American product Toxaphene was from 1978 and the East-German product Melipax from 1979. Both technical products showed the known complexity in GC/ECD measurements. Contributions of 24 peaks to each of the technical products were determined by gas chromatography in combination high resolution electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry (GC/ECNI-HRMS). The percentages of the compounds studied in the technical mixtures ranged from approximately 0.05% to approximately 2.5% but showed some individual differences. 2,2,5,5,8,9,9,10,10-nonachlorobornane (B9-1025 or P-62) was identified as a major congener in both mixtures. 2-Endo,3-exo,5-endo,6-exo,8,8,10,10-octachlorobornane (B8-1413 or P26) and 2-endo,3-exo,5-endo,6-exo,8,8,9,10,10-nonachlorobornane (B9-1679 or P-50) were found at similar concentration in both technical products. Identical amounts of Melipax or Toxaphene were combusted to CO2 in an element analyzer and their delta13C values were determined relative to the international standard Vienna PeeDee belemnite (VPDB). The mean delta13C values of both products varied by 2.8% (determined at two different locations) which is roughly one order of magnitude more than the precision obtained in repetitive analyses of the individual products. Thus, both investigated products could be unequivocally distinguished by stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). IRMS analyses may thus be a suitable tool for tracing back toxaphene residues in environmental and food samples to the one or both of the products.     

Characterization of three major toxaphene congeners in arctic ringed seal by electron ionization and electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry

Three environmentally significant chlorinated bomane (CHB) congeners were extracted from Arviat ringed seal blubber and identified by using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRECNIMS (CH₄), low resolution EIMS, and linked field scanning). They are referred to as TS2 (Parlar#39, B8-531) [2-exo,3-endo,5-exo,6,6,8b,9c,10c (or 10a)-octachlorobonane], TS3 (Parlar#40, B8-1414) [2-endo,3-exo,5-endo,6-exo,8c,9b,10a,10c (or 10b)-octachlorobornane] and TS4 (Parlar#42, Toxicant A, B8-806/809) [2-exo,3-endo,6,6,8b,8c,9c,10c (or 10a)-octachlorobonane/2-exo,3-endo,6,6,8b,9b,9c,10a (or 10b)-octachlorobonane]. This is the first time Toxicant A, known to be the most toxic CHB congener in technical toxaphene, has been found in any significant concentration in a marine mammal.     

低频环境噪声对思维判断能力的干扰影响

选取了3种典型的城市居住区设备低频噪声实样和声学仪器产生的白噪声,使用剂量作业法,分别测定了播放噪声和无噪声干扰2种环境下,被试者的思维能力指数(AYP)和错误率.研究结果显示,在噪声干扰的条件下,多数被试者的AYP较无噪声干扰时有所下降,错误率上升,二者差异显著.多数被试人员在3种噪声实样对比组中的平均AYP和错误率变化较白噪声的对比组中较明显,其中AYP差异达显著水平.由此认为低频成份是影响思维能力的主要频率成份.配对t检验和对实录样本的频谱分析结果表明,室外空调机噪声样本的影响程度最大,表明峰值频率在50～300 Hz频率段的低频环境噪声比其他噪声负面影响更大.     

黄土高原地区1961—2000年间土壤水分变化模拟与分析

论文应用Vrsmarty水量平衡模型模拟黄土高原地区的土壤水分对全球气候变化的响应。该模型综合考虑了土壤、植被、高程、温度、太阳辐射、水汽压、风速和降雨等因子对土壤水分的影响。模型运行的结果表明,黄土高原地区土壤水分在1961—2000年期间是一种逐渐减小的变化趋势:该地区6月的平均土壤水分从1960s的42.3 mm降低到了1990s的38 mm;10月的土壤水平均值从1960s的93.9 mm降低到了1990s的56.7 mm,这种变化的原因是降雨量不断减少,年平均降水从1960s的443 mm降低到了1990s的406 mm,同时潜在蒸发量也在不断减少,月最大潜在蒸发量从1960s的190 mm降低到了1990s的142 mm。