安全管理体系的计算机辅助审核技术研究

关于海运公司安全管理体系 (SMS)的现行审核方法 ,难以保证其文件全面符合国际和国内的强制性规定 ,制约了《国际安全管理 (ISM)规则》效能的发挥。为此 ,课题组基于网络环境开发了对 SMS文件的计算机辅助审核技术 ,其主要成果包括 :建立了法规条款与 SMS文件的映射规则 ,使两者迅速匹配 ,以供审核 ;提出了 SMS文件符合法规程度的数学评价方法 ;设计了计算机辅助审核方案。经试审核 ,表明该技术能协助审核员迅速全面地发现 SMS文件对法规的不符合项 ,给出的符合程度定量合理 ,该技术有利于全面提高 SMS文件对法规条款的符合程度 ,从而方便了公司的全面履约。该技术还可用于类似的管理体系。     

苏南中生代侵入岩的地球化学特征

苏南中生代侵入岩成因类型分属于长江系列、江南系列和苏州式,长江系列和江南系列为Ⅰ型,苏州式为A型。前两者相容元素和Sr、Ba含量高;LREE'/HREE'比值为2.01—10.27,为轻稀土富集型,稀土元素球粒陨石标准化型式为右倾至中凹,δEu值为1.20—0.73,表明是由上地幔或下地壳物质经部分熔融而形成。而苏州式:高电价大半经阳离子Nb、Ta、Zr和Rb、F、Cl含量高,稀土含量也高,LREE'/HREE'值为1.14—2.33,稀土元素球粒陨石标准化型式为“V”型,δEu值为0.24—0.14,是下地壳物质经部分熔融后又经历了较强的分离结晶作用而形成。     

湍球塔和喷淋塔的海水脱硫冷态实验对比

通过湍球塔和喷淋塔的海水脱硫冷态实验对比,研究海水脱硫过程中烟气和海水参数对湍球塔和喷淋塔脱硫的不同影响。实验结果表明,SO2分压力增大,脱硫效率和尾水pH值减小;海水碱度、pH值和液气比增大,脱硫效率和尾水pH值也随之增大;湍球塔的脱硫效率和尾水pH值与液气比改变方式无关,实验用湍球塔的合适液气比值为2.3 L/m3;湍球塔脱硫实验中,塔内气速为1.58 m/s,SO2分压力为20 Pa,水温为10.2℃,液气比为1.1~2.8 L/m3时,尾水pH值在2.4~2.8之间;增大液气比时,喷淋塔改变海水流量的脱硫效果要比改变气体流量的脱硫效果明显;塔内气速1 m/s以上时,一级喷淋塔的脱硫效率要比湍球塔小很多,有时只有湍球塔的1/2左右。     

某饮用水处理厂中5种抗生素的去除

通过对美国某饮用水厂处理工艺和对象的介绍,研究各处理单元对克拉霉素(clarithromycin,CLA)、脱水红霉素(erythromycin-H2O,ERY)、左氧氟沙星(levofloxacin,LEV)、新诺明(sulfamethoxazole,SUL)和甲氧苄啶(trimethoprim,TRI)等5种目标抗生素的去除规律;从目标抗生素的残留和各处理单元的去除率角度分别分析时间和空间对去除规律的影响,并探讨抗生素和常规水质参数去除率间的相关关系。研究发现,原水中5种抗生素的平均浓度范围为0～26.8 ng/L,出水降至0～2.3 ng/L,该水厂工艺对5种抗生素的总去除率可达79.5%,其中CLA、ERY、LEV、SUL和TRI的去除率分别为92.8%、24%、100%、85.7%和53.2%;不同采样时间各采样点的抗生素浓度均呈现出秋季高的特点,但各处理单元的处理效率在不同的季节却表现出很大的差异;CLA可作为抗生素总量变化趋势预测的"指示抗生素";抗生素的总量浓度和总去除率与UV254的浓度及去除率之间有很好的正相关性,可以通过对UV254值的测定和去除率的计算来预测抗生素浓度的大小和去除率变化趋势。该研究从抗生素去除角度为我国新建和改扩建饮用水厂工艺提供较好的理论依据。     

温度和污泥浓度对碱性条件下剩余污泥水解酸化的影响

挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)是脱氮除磷过程中易于利用的碳源。剩余污泥在碱性条件下发酵能产生大量的VFAs,而温度和污泥浓度是影响剩余污泥发酵的两个重要因素,为此考察了厌氧环境,温度15℃和35℃,pH为10的条件下,剩余污泥挥发性悬浮污泥浓度(VSS为1.708～11.049 g/L)对水解酸化的影响,为实现剩余污泥的资源化提供理论依据。研究得出如下结论:污泥浓度对剩余污泥溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)溶出率影响不大。低污泥浓度和高污泥浓度均不利于剩余污泥产酸,最佳产酸的污泥浓度为8.540 g/L。各污泥浓度条件下产生的6种挥发性有机酸中乙酸的比例总是最大,且低污泥浓度条件下乙酸的百分含量要高于高污泥浓度条件下。温度对高污泥浓度条件下污泥的最大SCOD溶出量影响较大,而对低污泥浓度条件下污泥最大的产酸量影响较大。无论15℃还是35℃,中等污泥浓度对氨氮的释放量影响不大,35℃条件下污泥浓度对正磷酸盐的释放要比15℃条件下大。     

Comparative toxicity of rac- and S-tebuconazole to Daphnia magna

Tebuconazole is a chiral triazole fungicide used as raceme in a variety of agricultural applications. Earlier studies showed that tebuconazole is toxic to many non-target aquatic organisms but relative data for tebuconazole enantiomers are lacking. Thus, goal of this study was to evaluate and compare the toxicity of rac- and S-tebuconazole with Daphnia magna at both acute and chronic levels according to Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines 202 and 211 respectively, to provide some guidelines for optimizing chiral pesticides application and management. The exposure concentrations were 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 10 mg L^?1 for both rac- and S-tebuconazole and their 48-h EC₅₀ values to D. magna were 3.53 (3.32–3.78) and 2.74 (2.33–3.10) mg L^?1 respectively, indicating that these both are medium toxic to D. magna with no significant toxicity difference at acute level. In chronic test, <24-h old D. magna were exposed to 0.01, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, and 0.40 mg L^?1 of rac- and S-tebuconazole with one blank and one solvent control for 21 days according to OECD guideline 211. Four developmental (molting rate, days to the 1st and 3rd brood, and body length) and five reproductive (size of the 1st and 3rd brood, number of broods, and number of neonates) parameters for each D. magna were determined. Results showed that both rac- and S-tebuconazole significantly reduced the reproduction and impacted the development of D. magna at concentrations of 0.05 mg L^?1 or higher. Furthermore, S-tebuconazole was more toxic than raceme, and the difference between effects on the same parameters induced by rac- and S-tebuconazole was statistically significant. These results demonstrated that the chronic toxicity of S-tebuconazole might be underestimated in general use, and further studies should focus more on the biological behaviors of enantiomers and not just the raceme of tebuconazole and other chiral pesticides in the environment.     

Kinetics of acetaminophen degradation by Fenton oxidation in a fluidized-bed reactor

Acetaminophen (ACT), an analgesic and antipyretic substance, is one of the most commonly detected pharmaceutical compound in surface waters and wastewaters. In this study, fluidized-bed Fenton (FB-Fenton) was used to decompose ACT into its final degradation products. The 1.45-L cylindrical glass reactor had inlet, outlet and recirculating sections. SiO₂ carrier particles were supported by glass beads with 2–4 mm in diameter. ACT concentration was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). During the first 40 min of reaction, a fast initial ACT removal was observed and the “two-stage” ACT degradation conformed to a pseudo reaction kinetics. The effects of ferrous ion dosage and [Fe²⁺]/[H₂O₂] (FH ratio) were integrated into the derived pseudo second-order kinetic model. A reaction pathway was proposed based on the intermediates detected through SPME/GC–MS. The aromatic intermediates identified were hydroquinone, benzaldehydes and benzoic acids while the non-aromatic substances include alcohols, ketones, aldehydes and carboxylic acids. Rapid initial ACT degradation rate can be accomplished by high initial ferrous ion concentration and/or low FH ratio.     

Boiler Briquette Coal versus Raw Coal: Part II—Energy,Greenhouse Gas,and Air Quality Implications

ABSTRACT

The objective of this paper is to conduct an integrated analysis of the energy, greenhouse gas, and air quality impacts of a new type of boiler briquette coal (BB-coal) in contrast to those of the raw coal from which the BB-coal was formulated (R-coal). The analysis is based on the source emissions data and other relevant data collected in the present study and employs approaches including the construction of carbon, energy, and sulfur balances. The results show that replacing R-coal with BB-coal as the fuel for boilers such as the one tested would have multiple benefits, including a 37% increase in boiler thermal efficiency, a 25% reduction in fuel demand, a 26% reduction in CO₂ emission, a 17% reduction in CO emission, a 63% reduction in SO₂ emission, a 97% reduction in fly ash and fly ash carbon emission, a 22% reduction in PM_2.5 mass emission, and a 30% reduction in total emission of five toxic hazardous air pollutant (HAP) metals contained in PM₁₀. These benefits can be achieved with no changes in boiler hardware and with a relatively small amount of tradeoffs: a 30% increase in PM₁₀ mass emission and a 9–16% increase in fuel cost.     

土壤中结合态农药环境毒理研究进展

本文介绍了近年来国内外对土壤中结合态农药的研究动向,叙述了土壤中农药的结合残留量、环境意义及结合残留的分析测试技术,尤其对超临界流体萃取结合残留的技术作了介绍,并对该领域的深入研究提出了还需要解决的问题     

东方大港的探讨—利用GIS对宁波深水港的分析

根据孙中山先生提出的在我国北、东、南建立三方大港的思想，对我国东部沿海的宁波港进行了分析。在对其历史和现状分析的基础上，借助于现代的信息系统技术和遥感技术，对宁波港的水深状况和集疏运输情况进行了进一步分析，并与北、南二大深水港大连港、广州港、以及我国目前最大的上海港作了比较，提出了正在快速发展的宁波港有潜力成为我国的东方大港，为国家对港口的宏观布局提供了依据。