非质量氧同位素分馏效应研究进展

非质量氧同位素分馏效应(mass independent oxygenisotope fractionation)研究为一些重大地质科学问题的解释开辟了一条新途径。在简要介绍非质量分馏理论后,重点评述了非质量氧同位素分馏效应的研究进展,包括非质量同位素分馏效应的成因机制、氧同位素组成分析方法建立及其在环境地学领域的应用。并对非质量氧同位素分馏领域未来研究趋势作了进一步探讨。     

Greenhouse gas emissions from nitrogen fertilizer use in China

The use of synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilizers is an important driver of energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in China. This paper develops a GHG emission factor for synthetic N fertilizer application in China. Using this emission factor, we estimate the scale of GHG emissions from synthetic nitrogen fertilizer use in Chinese agriculture and explore the potential for GHG emission reductions from efficiency improvements in N fertilizer production and use. The paper concludes with a discussion on costs and financing for a large-scale fertilizer efficiency improvement program in China, and how a GHG mitigation framework might contribute to program design.     

集成多种新技术提升广州水环境监测应急能力

多功能环境监测船是珠江流域第一艘集日常水环境监测、水环境应急监测和应急指挥功能于一体的专业监测船,具备水环境监测,环境污染应急指挥,污染事故处理和环保执法,以及珠江整治和科研考察等方面功能,为顺利开展环境应急监测、常规水体质量监测、环境保护执法以及珠江整治和科研考察提供安全、有效的科学工作平台,保证亚运会水体安全。     

碱渣废水的缓和湿式氧化处理分析

乙烯裂解过程中排放的碱渣废水,含有较高浓度的硫化物和有机物,本研究针对大庆石化总厂排放的乙烯裂解碱渣,采用缓和湿式氧化工艺,使处理后的废水硫化物小于2mg／L,并使COD去除率达到35％以上。     

萃取条件对支撑液膜法提取有机酸的影响

采用支撑液膜法分离提取混合液中的有机酸,通过萃取工艺条件优化,探讨支撑液膜法提取有机酸的可行性。由疏水微滤膜组件、载体、有机溶剂和反萃取剂组成的支撑液膜体系可以有效实现有机酸的分离提取。气相色谱分析表明,当提取时间为360min、给液相有机酸浓度为20g/L、载体体积浓度为10%及温度为30℃时,总有机酸提取率可达79.3%,较好实现了有机酸的同步提取和浓缩。     

软锰矿浆烟气脱硫反应器内气-液两相流的数值模拟

为了揭示喷射鼓泡反应器内流动结构和气液分散特性,为该反应器的优化设计提供理论指导,应用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法对反应器内气液两相流动结构进行了数值模拟,并提出气含率方差概念用于定量描述气相分散程度。着重考虑了搅拌转速和表观气速对通气功率、整体气含率和气相分散程度的影响。结果表明:流场的重要特征与前人的类似实验结果和数值模拟结果一致;数值模拟能很好地捕捉了六直叶圆盘涡轮桨的气穴现象;气穴现象会导致通气功率降低且不利于气液混合;整体气含率随转速和表观气速的增加而增大,但从气液混合与能耗的的角度考虑,搅拌转速宜采用200～300 r/min,表观气速为0.04～0.06 m/s。     

A 50-year sedimentary record of heavy metals and their chemical speciations in the Shuangtaizi River estuary (China): implications for pollution and biodegradation

Two parallel sediment cores collected from tidal flat located in the Shuangtaizi River estuary were analyzed for heavy metal concentrations and chemical speciations. Based on the ¹³⁷Cs activity profile, mean sedimentation rate at the sampling site during the past 50 years was estimated to be 1.3 cm·a^-1. Correlation analyses show that almost all the metals are associated with each other, suggesting that these metals might be derived from same sources and/or affected by same geochemical processes. Influence of total organic carbon (TOC) content on the concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu and Cd is evident. Silt and clay contents, instead of sand content, play an important role in the distribution of these metals. The dominant binding phases for most of the metals (except for Cd) are the residual. The relative decrease of the residual fraction of Cd and Pb in the upper 66 cm of the core is striking. The distribution of chemical fraction confirms that the residual fractions of these metals have a natural origin, while only the non-residual fractions of Cd and Pb increased upward the core due to pollution in the past five decades. Pollution assessment on these heavy metals based on Index of Geoaccumulation (I_geo) also demonstrates that most of the metals are unpolluted. The weak pollution as observed in the sediments is perhaps related to a local plant, the Suaeda heteroptera Kitag, which may have played a significant role in the biodegradation of these metals and the metal distribution in the estuary.     

Cd-Pb-Cu复合污染对芥菜生长及生理特性的影响

我国农业土壤Cd,Cu和Pb污染严重,威胁食品安全. 该研究以十字花科植物芥菜为试验材料,通过盆栽均匀设计试验,探讨了重金属Cd,Cu和Pb及其交互作用对芥菜生长及生理特性的影响. 结果表明:Cd-Cu-Pb复合效应显著抑制了芥菜的生长,地下部受损伤程度大于地上部,并且抑制w(叶绿素),叶绿素a对复合污染更为敏感;Cu-Pb复合效应对芥菜生长的抑制作用远大于其他因素,有利于提高w(叶绿素),Cd是导致w(叶绿素)降低的主要因素. w(Cu)低于200 mg/kg时,芥菜叶片SOD酶活性显著高于对照(P<0.05),反之,SOD酶活性急剧下降,丙二醛(MDA)与脯氨酸大量积累.      

便携式电梯智能检测仪的研发与应用

随着电梯的结构、工作原理、拖动方式及控制系统的不断改进和电梯种类的多样化,其相关技术标准和检验形式也在不断更新。为了确保检验质量、提升检验精度、提高检验效率,检验人员配备先进可靠的日常检测工具成了保障电梯安全的关键因素之一。     

上海市典型污水处理厂污泥浸出液的化学和毒性评价

为了研究污水污泥在海洋环境中释放带来的生态风险,在分析上海7处典型污水处理厂污水污泥浸出液中重金属与溶解性有机碳的基础上,使用黑鲷,卤虫,三角褐指藻,纤细角毛藻和小球藻研究污水污泥浸出液对海洋生物的急性毒性作用和生长抑制作用。化学分析结果表明,所有样点的污水污泥浸出液中重金属总量均低于中国(GB5085.3-2007)与欧盟(EN12457.2-2002)关于危险废弃物的鉴别标准,但溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量超过欧盟标准1个数量级。毒性实验结果表明,黑鲷幼鱼对污水污泥浸出液的敏感性最强,其次是海洋微藻,卤虫无节幼体的敏感性较低;毒性综合分析结果表明,S2和S3点的污水污泥浸出液对海洋生物的综合生物毒性相对最高,而S4,S5的综合生物毒性最低,其中接纳污水为工业污水,且有机质与硫化物含量较低的污水污泥浸出液对海洋生物的综合生物毒性较低。