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691.
Yacov Y Haimes James H. Lambert Duan Li 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1992,28(1):201-209
ABSTRACT: This paper summarizes advances made in risk-based decisionmaking in water resources through use of the partitioned multiobjective risk method (PMRM). (Risk is a measure of the probability and severity of adverse effects.) In the PMRM, the risk of extreme events is differentiated from risk involving less extreme damage severity and is evaluated within a multiobjective framework. Study of the extreme-event risk function f4(*) has addressed the following issues: methods for calculating f4(*); the sensitivity of f4(*) to various parameters, particularly to the partitioning point of the extreme-event range and the selection of probability density functions; insight provided by the statistics of extremes; and the impact of f4(*) on risk management, for example, in the application of the PMRM to water resources problems. In particular, this paper shares with the reader recent research results on the PMRM, the relationship between the statistics of extremes and the conditional expected value, derived formulas for f4(*), distribution-free estimates of f4(*), documented case studies in dam safety, and future research directions. 相似文献
692.
Susanna T. Y. Tong 《Environmental management》1990,14(1):107-113
Roadside dusts and soils were collected from various nonindustrial districts in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA, and analyzed for lead
and copper contents. Results showed that the recent lead phase-down action has reduced the level of lead, but the concentrations
of both metals are still higher than the background levels for normal soil. Elevated concentrations of copper in heavily traveled
highways were noted, suggesting that much of the copper pollutants is probably of automotive origin. The concentration of
lead was found to vary with housing age, and higher levels of contamination in the older neighborhoods were observed. This
result is probably ascribable to the accumulation of residues from leaded gasoline and lead-based paint in the past and the
use of coal fire for space heating in older houses. 相似文献
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1 Introduction1-1 DiatomsDiatoms(ClassBacillariophyceae)arecommonandwidelydistributedinbothfreshandmarinewaters(Moser,1996).ThesemicroscopicunicellularplantsfixamajorportionoftheEarth○scarbon,generateoxygen,andsupplyfoodtoanimalswhichfeedonthem(Dixit… 相似文献
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Between August 1989 and December 1991, 356 patients underwent first-trimester transvaginal amniocentesis (10–12 weeks). The same number of patients referred in the same period for mid-trimester amniocentesis (14–21 weeks) was matched also for maternal age and indication. A third group consisted of the first 356 cases in which chorionic villus sampling (CVS) was attempted. The overall success rate was 99·7 and 100 per cent for early and mid-trimester amniocentesis, respectively, and 97·2 per cent for CVS. The mean harvesting time was 12·8, 11, and 7·9 days, respectively. The percentage of patients rescheduled was 3·4 per cent in first-trimester amniocentesis, 1·7 per cent in mid-trimester amniocentesis, and 6·2 per cent in the CVS group. The early (less than 2 weeks) pregnancy loss was 1·7 and 0·6 per cent in early and mid-trimester amniocentesis, respectively, and 1·7 per cent in CVS. The total pregnancy loss was 3·2, 0·9, and 2·9 per cent, respectively. The rate of preterm birth was 6·0, 5·2 and 6·9 per cent, respectively. The results indicate that CVS has the shortest procedure-result interval, but the highest rescheduling rate. First-trimester amniocentesis has a higher procedure and laboratory success rate but, until otherwise proved, mid-trimester amniocentesis is the most efficient and safest procedure. 相似文献
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Lin YK 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2002,89(5):187-200
A brief introduction is first given of the history of the technical field of random vibration, tracing back to the works of physicists since the beginning of the twentieth century. This is then followed by an account of more recent developments, with emphasis on nonlinear and quasi-nonlinear systems, and on analytical solutions for the associated Fokker-Planck equation and the generalized Pontryagin equation. The governing equation of a quasi-nonlinear system is linear, but with one or more randomly varying coefficients. The techniques for finding exact probability solutions, approximate probability solutions, conditions for motion stability, and the failure probability and statistics of a system are discussed. 相似文献