吉非罗齐在热活化过硫酸盐体系中的降解机制研究

以降血脂药物吉非罗齐(GEM)为目标污染物,研究其在热活化过硫酸盐体系中的降解机制.结果表明,GEM的降解过程符合准一级反应动力学规律,增加过硫酸盐初始浓度或升高反应溶液温度都可以显著提高GEM的降解速率常数(kobs),其反应的表观活化能Ea为133.14k J·mol~(-1).酸性和中性条件下GEM的降解效果要好于碱性条件.自然水体中的腐植酸(HA)和HCO_3~-对GEM的降解有明显的抑制作用.自由基清除实验表明,在酸性和中性条件下,SO_4~(·-)对GEM的降解起主导作用,而在碱性条件下,HO·成为体系主要的氧化物种.利用HPLC-MS/MS技术共检测到11种中间产物,推测GEM的降解路径涉及苯环的羟基化和醛基化反应、苯环侧链的环化作用和脱羧反应以及醚支链的断裂.     

云南省铅冶炼重金属类危险废物产排污系数研究

针对云南省的铅冶炼行业企业的原料、工艺、企业规模和固体废物的产生及处置情况进行全面调研,并选取代表性企业分析工艺及产排污环节.重点研究铅冶炼企业重金属类危险废物产生规律,借助物料衡算、实测法核算和经验估值等方法分析计算,获取中铅冶炼行业生产过程重金属类危险废物的产生和排放系数.本研究获取危险废物产排污系数可用于排污申报登记、排污收费、核定许可排污量、环境影响评价、标准制定、清洁生产审计等工作,为云南省危险废物环境管理提供理论参考.     

Distribution and mode of occurrence of uranium in bottom ash derived from high-germanium coals

The radioactivity of uranium in radioactive coal bottom ash(CBA) may be a potential danger to the ambient environment and human health. Concerning the limited research on the distribution and mode of occurrence of uranium in CBA, we herein report our investigations into this topic using a number of techniques including a five-step Tessier sequential extraction, hydrogen fluoride(HF) leaching, Siroquant(Rietveld) quantification, magnetic separation, and electron probe microanalysis(EPMA). The Tessier sequential extraction showed that the uranium in the residual and Fe–Mn oxide fractions was dominant(59.1%and 34.9%, respectively). The former was mainly incorporated into aluminosilicates,retained with glass and cristobalite, whereas the latter was especially enriched in the magnetic fraction, of which about 50% was present with magnetite(Fe_3O_4) and the rest in other iron oxides. In addition, the uranium in the magnetic fraction was 2.6 times that in the non-magnetic fraction. The experimental findings in this work may be important for establishing an effective strategy to reduce radioactivity from CBA for the protection of our local environment.     

Process analysis of characteristics of the boundary layer during a heavy haze pollution episode in an inland megacity, China

Ground observation data from 8 meteorological stations in Xi'an, air mass concentration data from 13 environmental quality monitoring sites in Xi'an, as well as radiosonde observation and wind profile radar data, were used in this study. Thereby, the process, causes and boundary layer meteorological characteristics of a heavy haze episode occurring from 16 to 25 December 2013 in Xi'an were analyzed. Principal component analysis showed that this haze pollution was mainly caused by the high-intensity emission and formation of gaseous pollutants (NO₂, CO and SO₂) and atmospheric particles (PM_2.5 (fine particles) and PM₁₀ (respirable suspended particle). The second cause was the relative humidity and continuous low temperature. The third cause was the allocation of the surface pressure field. The presence of a near-surface temperature inversion at the boundary layer formed favorable stratification conditions for the formation and maintenance of heavy haze pollution. The persistent thick haze layer weakened the solar radiation. Meanwhile, a warming effect in the urban canopy layer and in the transition zone from the urban friction sublayer to the urban canopy was indicated. All these conditions facilitated the maintenance and reinforcement of temperature inversion. The stable atmospheric stratification finally acted on the wind field in the boundary layer, and further weakened the exchange capacity of vertical turbulence. The superposition of a wind field with the horizontal gentle wind induced the typical air stagnation and finally caused the deterioration of air quality during this haze event.     

青岛市典型海岸带表层沉积物中邻苯二甲酸酯的组成、分布特征及生态风险评价

在青岛市典型海岸带区域采集25个表层沉积物样品,对美国环境保护署（USEPA）优先控制的6种邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）化合物含量进行测定,并对其分布特征、污染水平进行研究,同时展开了生态风险评价。青岛周边典型海岸带表层沉积物中6种PAEs中仅测定出邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（DMP）、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）、邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）3种,3种PAEs总量为17.10×10-9~3446.49×10-9,各检出物质含量范围由高到低依次为:DEHP（ND~3209.83×10-9）,DBP（ND~2744.35×10-9）,DMP（1.70×10-9~95.45×10-9）。其中个别海岸带样品中PAEs污染较严重,但与国内外海洋沉积物中PAEs含量水平相比处于中等偏低水平。生态风险评价显示,除少数站点外,青岛市典型海岸带表层沉积物中PAEs污染物对环境危害较低。     

赤泥强化型河岸带模拟系统对再生水中磷去除效果的研究

为了探讨不同比例赤泥施入量对再生水磷去除效果的影响以及植物在再生水净化过程的作用,利用赤泥中富含钙、铁、铝等金属氧化物对磷具有较强吸附性能的特点,构建了室内赤泥强化型河岸带模拟系统.结果表明,赤泥最适施入质量分数为2.5%～5.0%,此时TP去除率为82%～76%,出水磷浓度约为0.22～0.29 mg/L,SRP/TP比值为74%～75%.当赤泥施入量为2.5%时,相比无植物系统,有植物系统的磷净化效率提高了4%,约为86%,出水磷浓度为0.17mg/L.这些结果表明赤泥可以适当比例直接掺混于河岸带的土壤中,这为其提高对再生水中磷的去除能力提供了一种新途径.     

论地方水污染防治立法的创新——以北京市为例

2008年国家颁布了新的《水污染防治法》,但是国家的法律往往是对全国主要水污染问题的总体规定,地方的具体问题还需相应的地方法规予以保障。针对北京市水污染防治的主要问题,《北京市水污染防治条例》在完善管理体制、明确政府部门职责、保障生态环境用水等方面细化了国家法律的相关条款,在污泥处理处置、污水资源化等方面填补了法律空白,体现了地方立法的创新,对其他地方政府的立法工作具有一定借鉴作用。     

浅析重大危险源监控系统的建设

介绍了重大危险源监控系统建设中所涉及的硬件建设和软件建设两方面的内容。硬件建设即网络建设,主要介绍了设备和网络的建设;软件建设即系统开发,主要介绍了系统功能建设和GIS平台建设。     

浅议石油企事业HSE管理体系文件的编制

分析了企业在HSE管理体系文件的结构和形式、编制原则、步骤和方法上存在的问题,并有针对性地提出了国内石油企业在HSE管理体系文件编制过程中的注意事项。