转化纤维素资源生成酒精的研究

研究了高温厌气的热纤梭菌(Clostridium thermocellum)转化纤维素物质直接生成酒精的过程,发酵产物除酒精外,还有乙酸、少量乳酸、H_2、CO_2和还原糖,还原糖的主要成份为木糖,纤维二糖和葡萄糖、诱变菌转化纤维素的能力与野生菌相比有明显提高,能发酵细小纤维、稻草和凤眼莲,酒精最大浓度可分别达4.0,3.2和9.3g/L。     

Optimum nitrogen use and reduced nitrogen loss for production of rice and wheat in the Yangtse Delta region

A long-term field and lysimeter experiment under different amount of fertilizer-N application was conducted to explore the optimal N application rates for a high productive rice-wheat system and less N leaching loss in the Yangtse Delta region. In this region excessive applications of N fertilizer for the rice-wheat production has resulted in reduced N recovery rates and environment pollution. Initial results of the field experiments showed that the optimal N application rate increased with the yield. On the two major paddy soils (Hydromorphic paddy soil and Gleyed paddy soil) of the region, the optimal N application rate was 225-270 kg N hm(-2) for rice and 180-225 kg N hm(-2) for wheat, separately. This has resulted in the highest number of effective ears and Spikelets per unit area, and hence high yield. Nitrogen leaching in the form of NO(3-)-N occurs mainly in the wheat-growing season and in the ponding and seedling periods of the paddy field. Its concentration in the leachate increased with the N application rate in the lysimeter experiment. When the application rate reached 225 kg N hm(-2), the concentration rose to 5.4-21.3 mgN l(-1) in the leachate during the wheat-growing season. About 60% of the leachate samples determined contained NO(3-)-N beyond the criterion (NO(3-)-N 10 mg l(-1)) for N pollution. In the field experiment, when the N application rate was in the range of 270-315 kg hm(-2), the NO(3-)-N concentration in the leachate during the wheat-growing season ranged from 1.9 to 11.0 mg l(-1). About 20% of the leachate samples reached close to, and 10% exceeded, the criterion for N pollution. Long-term accumulation of NO(3-)-N from leaching will no doubt constitute a potential risk of N contamination of the groundwater in the Yangtse Delta Region.     

The Adsorption of Lead and Copper from Aqueous Solution on Modified Peat–Resin Particles

Raw peat was modified with sulfuric acid, then mixed modified with resin to prepare the modified peat–resin particles. Using the batch experimental systems, the removal of heavy metals (copper and lead) on the modified peat–resin particles was investigated. The data of the adsorption isotherm could be fitted by the Langmuir equation well. The adsorption rate of heavy metals on modified peat–resin particles was very swift. The removal processes of heavy metals on modified peat–resin particles could be well described by pseudo-second order model. The adsorption rate of lead was affected by the initial heavy metal concentration, initial pH, particle size, agitation speed and particle mass. In the adsorption of heavy metals (lead and copper) on the modified peat–resin particles, ion exchange was the major reaction mechanism. Desorption data showed that the lead adsorbed by modified peat–resin particle could be desorbed by 0.5 N or 1.0 N HNO₃. The desorption rate was swift. The experiments indicated that the modified peat–resin particles have great potential for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater.     

Optimum Nitrogen Use and Reduced Nitrogen Loss for Production of Rice and Wheat in the Yangtse Delta Region

A long-term field and lysimeter experiment under different amount of fertilizer-N application was conducted to explore the optimal N application rates for a high productive rice–wheat system and less N leaching loss in the Yangtse Delta region. In this region excessive applications of N fertilizer for the rice–wheat production has resulted in reduced N recovery rates and environment pollution. Initial results of the field experiments showed that the optimal N application rate increased with the yield. On the two major paddy soils (Hydromorphic paddy soil and Gleyed paddy soil) of the region, the optimal N application rate was 225–270 kg N hm^–2 for rice and 180–225 kg N hm^–2 for wheat, separately. This has resulted in the highest number of effective ears and Spikelets per unit area, and hence high yield. Nitrogen leaching in the form of NO ₃ ^– -N occurs mainly in the wheat-growing season and in the ponding and seedling periods of the paddy field. Its concentration in the leachate increased with the N application rate in the lysimeter experiment. When the application rate reached 225 kg N hm^–2, the concentration rose to 5.4–21.3 mgN l^–1 in the leachate during the wheat-growing season. About 60% of the leachate samples determined contained NO ₃ ^– -N beyond the criterion (NO ₃ ^– -N 10 mg l^–1) for N pollution. In the field experiment, when the N application rate was in the range of 270–315 kg hm^–2, the NO ₃ ^– -N concentration in the leachate during the wheat-growing season ranged from 1.9 to 11.0 mg l^–1. About 20% of the leachate samples reached close to, and 10% exceeded, the criterion for N pollution. Long-term accumulation of NO ₃ ^– -N from leaching will no doubt constitute a potential risk of N contamination of the groundwater in the Yangtse Delta Region.     

Fluoride Content in Bones of Adelie Penguins and Environmental Media in Antarctica

Fluoride (F) distribution and its effects (fluorosis) were investigated in Antarctica. Droppings (L) excreta selected of aquatic birds, lake water, soil and moss (Polytrichum alpinum) showed a high F concentration. Although bones of Adelie penguin (Pygiscelis adeliae) and skua (Catharacta maccormicki) showed exceptionally very high F concentration in the range of 832 to 7187 mg kg(-1), their radiographs did not show any evidence of skeletal fluorosis. The possible reason and geochemical aspects of F in Antarctica region are discussed.     

城市生活垃圾堆肥及垃圾专用肥对柑桔增产效应

城市生活垃圾堆肥及垃圾堆肥配制的专用肥对柑桔的肥效实验结果表明，垃圾堆肥作为基肥使用比常规施肥能使柑桔增产１２．４％－１４．５％，比空白对照增产７４．７％，施用垃圾专用肥的柑桔产量比常规施肥增产４．２％－５０．３％，比空白对照增产５８．４％－１２９．０％。施垃圾肥柑桔的营养成份（如维Ｃ，还原糖等）和常规施肥没有明显差异，也未发现重金属对桔子的污染。     

多效唑对水生生物的急性毒性评价研究

本文以斜生栅藻、大型水蚤和草鱼为试验生物,研究植物生长调节剂多效唑对水生生物的急性毒性效应。多效唑对斜生栅藻EC_(50)-96h为20.62mg/l;对大型水蚤LC_(50)-48h为21.86mg/h;对草鱼苗静态生物检测结果为LC_(50)—120h 16.33mg/l,流水生物检测结果为LC_(50)-96h 14.36mg/l,LC_(50)-120h 9.13mg/l。经多效唑处理后,藻的细胞形态也发生明显改变。根据农药的实验室毒性评价划分标准,多效唑对三种生物的毒性均属低毒;田间安全性预评价的结果也表明其毒性为低毒,故认为多效唑是一种对水生生物危害较小的农药。但其慢性毒性及长期积累效应,尚有待进一步研究。     

蒙古栎林生态系统的辐射能量与水分关系的研究

本文把水分循环与辐射能量转换两个功能过程结合起来,研究蒙古栎林生态系统中的辐射能量与水分的关系。结果表明,森林作用层与林地作用层由于获得不同待征的辐射能量,导致水分交换的数量与方向不同。约74.5％的净辐射用于森林的水分蒸发散,而蒸发散又占降雨量77.45％。可见,辐射能量的大部分用于水分循环。本文还研究了辐射能量对融雪过程的影响,发现针阔混交林在冬季由于具有获得适度辐射能量的特点,使得它是一种较理想的融雪径流产流模式,为合理经营森林提供了依据。     

包埋固定化微生物法处理含油废水研究

本研究通过包埋固定化微生物法固定除油菌（Y1’菌），用于处理含油废水，并以水体中乳化油去除率为指标考察了影响乳化油降解的各种因素。选用聚乙烯醇（PVA）-海藻酸钠（SA）复配作为包埋固定化载体材料，制备成固定化微生物小球（IMB），通过实验优化了IMB制备的工艺条件。连续批次除油实验结果表明，在25-40℃，固液比1：10，HRT为6h的条件下，进水油含量在20—50mg／L，乳化油去除率可达85％-90％，出水油含量低于5mg／L。     

Bioaccumulation and elimination of avermectin B1a in the earthworms (Eisenia fetida)

The acute toxicity, bioaccumulation, and elimination of avermectin B1a (AVM B1a) in earthworm (Eisenia fetida) were investigated in different exposure systems. The LC50 of AVM B1a on earthworms were 24.1 mg/kg and 17.1 mg/kg, respectively, for 7 and 14 days in artificial soil. The LC50 tested by the filter paper for 2 days was 4.63 microg/cm2. The earthworms were cultivated in artificial soil containing 0.6 mg/kg and 3.0 mg/kg AVM B1a, respectively for bioaccumulation experiments. The AVM B1a residues in earthworms were determined with HPLC-fluorescence method. The results showed that AVM B1a was taken up from the concentrated artificial soil by the earthworms and the steady-state levels were reached after 9-18 days of exposure. On the 18th day, the final concentrations of AVM B1a in the earthworms treated with two different dosages were 107 ng/g and 165 ng/g, respectively; there were not significantly accumulation. About 80.0% and 94.8% of the accumulated AVM B1a were eliminated respectively in two groups within 1 day after they were exposed to AVM B1a-free soil, but a trace amount of AVM B1a was found for a relative long time in earthworms.