中美典型大城市突发事件应急管理模式的比较研究

我国经济的高速发展,我国城市突发公共安全事件也进入了一个相对高发期, 城市应急管理体系能有效地处理和预防城市突发公共事件,保障城市居民的人身安全和财产 安全.结合美国大城市的先进管理模式和经验,通过与我国大城市的应急管理模式在城市应 急管理体制的本质、应急管理的组织机构、应急管理运作机制、应急参与主体等几个方面的比较,...     

尾矿库地下水污染风险评价体系研究

为解决目前缺乏统一的、系统的尾矿库地下水污染风险评价方法的问题,通过超标浓度风险直观地反映最大可信事故的危害及其风险的大小,综合水层固有脆弱性、污染荷载风险、污染危害性3方面因素对地下水污染风险进行定量分析和评价.提出相应的评价标准以及风险管理措施,建立了尾矿库地下水污染风险评价体系.将地下水污染风险分成5个等级,实现了尾矿库地下水环境风险评价定量化和标准化.最后将评价体系应用于排山楼金矿尾矿库的地下水污染风险评价,验证了其可行性.     

Matrix-bound phosphine and phosphorus fractions in paddy soils

Phosphine (PH(3)) is a natural gaseous carrier of phosphorus (P) in its geochemical cycles, and it might be important to the P balance of natural ecosystems. Paddy fields are thought to be one of the main sources responsible for the production and emission of PH(3) in to the environment. The relationships between matrix-bound PH(3) (MBP) and different P fractions, as well as selected metals were investigated to explore the possible production of MBP and its link to P cycle in the paddy soils. MBP range from 20.8 (-1) to 502 ng kg(-1) with an average of 145 ng kg(-1). Concentrations at the milk stage are significantly higher than at the jointing stage. The total P range from 333 mg kg(-1) to 592 mg kg(-1). Average P fractions decrease in the order: Ca-P (69.9%) > Organic P (16.5%) > occluded P (6.50%) > Fe-P (5.93%) > dissolved P (0.80%) > exchangeable P (0.32%) > Al-P (0.02%). Different levels of nitrogen fertilizer have little effect on the contents of MBP, P fractions and metals. A significant positive correlation between MBP and Ca-P (p = 0.002), as well as between MBP and Ca (p = 0.008) could be observed, suggesting that Ca-P mainly affects the production of MBP in the paddy soils. It is suggested that soil MBP is strongly linked to Ca-P fertilizer use because soil spiked with P-fertilizer produced an additional 758 ± 142 ng of MBP per kg of soil, compared to only 81.7 ± 12.3 ng of MBP per kg of unspiked soil. No correlations are found between MBP and other P fractions, or between MBP and Al, Fe and Mn.     

2008年湖南低温雨雪冰冻天气分析与数值模拟

利用湖南省地面观测站点资料、探空资料、NCEP再分析资料及海温资料对该省2008年1月中旬至2月上旬异常低温雨雪冰冻天气形成原因进行了分析,结果表明:长时间的大气环流异常是造成此次低温雨雪冰冻天气的主要大气环流背景;温度的垂直结构分析表明,925~700hPa长时间存在强的逆温层,为冰冻提供了有利的形成环境;海温异常对气温有一定的影响作用,在拉尼娜起始年,湖南冬季平均气温偏低,出现冷冬的概率较大。通过中尺度数值天气预报模式MM5的模拟,也间接印证了冰冻的形成过程。最后,针对此异常低温雨雪冰冻天气发生特点,提出在气候变暖的大背景下仍要加强冬季极端气象灾害的研究和防范,同时加强和完善灾情上报制度。     

Progress in quantitative research on the relationship between atmospheric oxidation and air quality

Atmospheric oxidizing capacity (AOC) is an essential driving force of troposphere chemistry and self-cleaning, but the definition of AOC and its quantitative representation remain uncertain. Driven by national demand for air pollution control in recent years, Chinese scholars have carried out studies on theories of atmospheric chemistry and have made considerable progress in AOC research. This paper will give a brief review of these developments. First, AOC indexes were established that represent apparent atmospheric oxidizing ability (AOIe) and potential atmospheric oxidizing ability (AOIp) based on aspects of macrothermodynamics and microdynamics, respectively. A closed study refined the quantitative contributions of heterogeneous chemistry to AOC in Beijing, and these AOC methods were further applied in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and key areas across the country. In addition, the detection of ground or vertical profiles for atmospheric OH·, HO₂·, NO₃· radicals and reservoir molecules can now be obtained with domestic instruments in diverse environments. Moreover, laboratory smoke chamber simulations revealed heterogeneous processes involving reactions of O₃ and NO₂, which are typical oxidants in the surface/interface atmosphere, and the evolutionary and budgetary implications of atmospheric oxidants reacting under multispecies, multiphase and multi-interface conditions were obtained. Finally, based on the GRAPES-CUACE adjoint model improved by Chinese scholars, simulations of key substances affecting atmospheric oxidation and secondary organic and inorganic aerosol formation have been optimized. Normalized numerical simulations of AOIe and AOIp were performed, and regional coordination of AOC was adjusted. An optimized plan for controlling O₃ and PM_2.5 was analyzed by scenario simulation.     

Multi-process and multi-pollutant control technology for ultra-low emissions in the iron and steel industry

The iron and steel industry is not only an important foundation of the national economy, but also the largest source of industrial air pollution. Due to the current status of emissions in the iron and steel industry, ultra-low pollutant emission control technology has been researched and developed. Liquid-phase proportion control technology has been developed for magnesian fluxed pellets, and a blast furnace smelting demonstration project has been established to use a high proportion of fluxed pellets (80%) for the first time in China to realize source emission reduction of SO₂ and NO_x. Based on the characteristics of high NO_x concentrations and the coexistence of multiple pollutants in coke oven flue gas, low-NO_x combustion coupled with multi-pollutant cooperative control technology with activated carbon was developed to achieve efficient removal of multiple pollutants and resource utilization of sulfur. Based on the characteristics of co-existing multiple pollutants in pellet flue gas, selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) coupled with ozone oxidation and spray drying adsorption (SDA) was developed, which significantly reduces the operating cost of the system. In the light of the high humidity and high alkalinity in flue gas, filter materials with high humidity resistance and corrosion resistance were manufactured, and an integrated pre-charged bag dust collector device was developed, which realized ultra-low emission of fine particles and reduced filtration resistance and energy consumption in the system. Through source emission reduction, process control and end-treatment technologies, five demonstration projects were built, providing a full set of technical solutions for ultra-low emissions of dust, SO₂, NO_x, SO₃, mercury and other pollutants, and offering technical support for the green development of the iron and steel industry.     

不同再生水灌溉方式对土壤-辣椒系统中细菌群落多样性及病原菌丰度的影响

再生水是改善水资源布局和缓解传统水源短缺问题的一种合理且可持续的替代水源,但用于灌溉会引起土壤和作物中微生物群落结构和条件致病菌丰度变化,目前这方面的研究报道较少.本研究以辣椒为对象,设置再生水灌溉(DI)、清水和再生水混灌(MI,清水∶再生水=1∶1)、清水和再生水轮灌(RI)处理,以清水灌溉(PI)为对照,通过温室盆栽试验研究不同灌溉方式对土壤性质的影响,并基于高通量测序技术结合定量PCR方法探讨再生水灌溉下辣椒果实与根际细菌群落组成和病原菌分布丰度特征.结果表明,与清水灌溉相比,再生水直接灌溉增加了土壤EC值,而降低了pH值.16S r DNA高通量测序结果显示,在门分类水平上,Proteobacteria、Bacteroidetes、Actinobacteria和Firmicutes是辣椒果实和根际共有的主要类群,其优势菌属Pantoea、Pseudomonas、Sphingomonas、Sphingopyxis、Luteimonas和Mariniflexile的相对丰度受再生水灌溉方式的影响较大.再生水灌溉分别使辣椒果实和根际中Legionella spp.和Pseudomonas syringae丰度显著增加,并且对病原菌丰度的影响差异较大.综上所述,再生水适宜作为农业灌溉用水,但不同灌溉方式可能不同程度上引入微生物污染问题,其中特定条件致病菌和植物病原菌值得关注.     

我国典型区域地表水环境中抗生素污染现状及其生态风险评价

为了解我国典型地表水环境中抗生素污染现状与生态风险,本文通过历史数据收集,利用风险商评价模型(RQ)与风险简单叠加模型(RQSUM)对我国5个典型地表水环境中丰水期的抗生素污染进行生态风险评价.结果表明:①5个区域内地表水在丰水期(4～9月)主要受到8种抗生素污染的生态风险,分别是磺胺甲基异噁唑(SMX)、磺胺甲基嘧啶(SM)、红霉素(ETM)、罗红霉素(RTM)、四环素(TC)、氧土霉素(OTC)、诺氟沙星(NOR)和氧氟沙星(OFL);②5个区域内首要的抗生素污染类型为SMX和ETM,SMX对长江三角洲和巢湖流域的RQ_(SUM)贡献率分别为91. 1%和98. 5%,ETM对江汉平原、珠江三角洲和黄河三角洲的RQ_(SUM)贡献率分别为94. 4%、81. 8%和60%;③根据RQSUM值大小对5个区域内受到抗生素污染的生态风险由高到低排序为:江汉平原(20. 204)长江三角洲(8. 769)巢湖流域(2. 692)黄河三角洲(1. 943)珠江三角洲(1. 222).     

中国典型湖泊四大类抗生素污染特征

基于已有文献资料数据,以中国东部平原湖区（31个）,蒙新湖区（4个）,二龙湖,青海湖及抚仙湖共38个典型湖泊为研究对象,总结分析四大类常用抗生素（四环素类,磺胺类,喹诺酮类和大环内酯类）在湖泊水体和沉积物中的污染特征.结果表明,四大类抗生素污染在中国典型湖泊中普遍存在,其中水体中抗生素污染水平依次为磺胺类（2147ng/L） > 喹诺酮类（1458ng/L） > 四环素类（481ng/L） > 大环内酯类（205ng/L）,沉积物中抗生素的分布具有垂向差异特征,表层沉积物抗生素浓度高于深层沉积物.抗生素检出浓度在不同湖区间存在较大差异,其中东部平原湖区水体和沉积物中抗生素浓度显著高于其他湖区.相比入湖河流,湖区（如太湖贡湖湾和青海湖）水体中抗生素污染相对较高,表明湖区可能作为抗生素的汇集地.湖泊水体中的抗生素浓度分布呈现季节性差异,如太湖水体中抗生素浓度在春,夏及冬季高于秋季,而鄱阳湖,白洋淀和二龙湖在旱季（4月）高于雨季（8月）;而湖泊沉积物中抗生素季节性差异较不明显,这可能与抗生素在沉积物中的迁移性有关.     

Application of FeIII-TAML/H2O2 system for treatment of fluoroquinolone antibiotics

Over the recent past, fluoroquinolone antibiotics (FQs) have raised extensive attention due to their potential to induce the formation of resistance genes and “superbugs”, thus various advanced oxidation techniques have been developed to eliminate their release into the environment. In the present study, the prototype tetraamido macrocyclic ligand (Fe^III-TAML)/hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) system is employed to degrade FQs (i.e., norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin) over a wide pH range (i.e., pH 6-10), and the reaction rate increases with the increase in pH level. The effect of dosage of Fe^III-TAML and H₂O₂ on the degradation of FQs is evaluated, and the reaction rate is linearly correlated with the added amount of chemicals. Moreover, the impact of natural organic matters (NOM) on the removal of FQs is investigated, and the degradation kinetics show that both NOM type and experimental concentration exhibit negligible influence on the oxidative degradation of selected antibiotics. Based on the results of liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry and theoretical calculations, the reaction sites and pathways of FQs by Fe^III-TAML/H₂O₂ system are further predicted and elucidated.